Waiter

Job Duties

Waiters are the largest group of food and beverage service workers. They work in many different types of dining establishments where they take customers' orders, serve them food and beverages, prepare bills, and occasionally accept payments from customers. Their duties vary greatly between different dining facilities. Those who work in coffeeshops serve sandwiches, soups, and salads in a fast and efficient manner. In more expensive restaurants that provide customers with a fine dining experience, waiters play a more formal role that focuses on personal, attentive treatment at a slower pace. In these types of establishments, they usually talk with their customers, suggesting dishes, explaining how food is prepared, and providing guidance on wine selection.

Some waiters prepare simple fare such as salads and desserts. Others may overlap responsibilities with other food and beverage service workers. They may perform such tasks as escorting guests to tables, serving customers seated at counters, clearing and setting up tables, or operating a cash register.

Job Skills

Those interested in waiter positions should have a good memory so they can remember customers' orders. They should have a neat and well-groomed appearance. They need to have a courteous and pleasant personality. Their customer relations skills must be of the highest caliber, and they should be able to function calmly in situations where stress is extremely high.

Income

In 2002, waiters earned a median hourly wage (including tips) of $6.10. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $5.70, to the highest 10%, who earned more than $11.00. Most waiters earn more because they acquire higher tips, rather than a higher hourly wage.

Training and Education

There are no specific educational requirements for waiter positions, although many employer prefer applicants who have graduated from high school. Many employees acquire these jobs because they have an immediate need for income, rather than a long-term interest in the profession. Many are in their late teens or early twenties and have little or no job experience. Some are full-time college or high school students. Hotels and restaurants with higher-class standards prefer applicants who have experience in the occupation. These establishments also offer higher wages. Most waiters learn their skills by observing more experienced waiters. Some employers train their employees using audio/video materials, and some employees receive restaurant training from vocational schools, restaurant associations, and large restaurant chains.

Employment

In 2002, waiters held about 2,097,000 jobs. A majority worked in restaurants, coffeeshops, and bars.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of waiters is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Some employment growth will result from new job openings, but the vast majority of job openings will be due to the extremely high turnover rate in this occupation. Keen competition is predicted for positions in fine dining establishments and popular restaurants.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Tree Pruner

Job Duties

Tree pruners are responsible for improving the beauty and functionality of trees and large shrubs. They carry out a wide range of duties involving trees. They trim dead and excess branches off of trees and shrubs. Sometimes this is to clear rights-of-way for roads, sidewalks, or utilities. Sometimes it is simply to improve the health and appearance of the trees. If trees have holes or cavities in their trunks, tree pruners may fill them in order to improve the health and longevity of the tree. Some workers specialize in pruning trees and shrubs for private homes, golf courses, or other facilities. Tree trimmers use a variety of tools, including handsaws, pruning hooks, shears, and clippers. If they work close to powerlines, they may use truck-mounted lifts and power pruners.

Tree pruners help to create healthy, well-maintained landscapes that can leave a positive first impression on people visiting properties. Well-maintained areas around buildings can increase real estate values. Tree pruners work to achieve a pleasant and functional outdoor environment that can give people a peaceful mood or a relaxed feeling.

Job Skills

Tree pruners need to be in good physical shape due to the strenuous nature of the job. They should be able to stand and walk for most of the day. They often are required to lift heavy loads of 100 pound or even more. They need to have the ability to follow instructions carefully and precisely. They also should be responsible and self-motivated because they are often left to work without supervision. Those interested in supervisory positions should have good communication and leadership skills.

Income

In 2002, tree pruners earned a median hourly wage of $12.07. The following shows the median hourly wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of tree pruners:

• Elementary and secondary schools -- $13.36
• Local government -- $11.81
• Services to buildings and dwellings -- $9.38
• Other amusement and recreation industries -- $8.92
• Lessors of real estate -- $8.65
• Employment services -- $8.05

Training and Education

Some tree pruner jobs require a high school diploma, but, other than that, there usually are no minimum education requirements. A majority of workers have a high school diploma or less. Safety procedures and equipment operation are typically taught on the job. Being able to follow directions well is usually the most important requirement. If driving is involved in the job, employers usually try to hire candidates with a good driving record and truck driving experience. Some tree pruners may start their own businesses if they have gained enough experience and have enough motivation.

Employment

In 2002, tree pruners held about 59,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of tree pruners is expected to increase faster than the average. This will result from expected growth in building construction, as well as an increase in the number of highways and parks. The maintenance of existing facilities will also generate demand for services from these workers. More businesses are expected to hire tree pruning services to improve the image of their business, and homeowners will continue to be a growing source of demand. More two-income households lack the time to care for their property themselves and will hire more tree pruners to do the work for them.

To learn more about hospitality careers, please see our directory of schools offering Hospitality Training and Degrees.

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Tree Pruner

Job Duties

Tree pruners are responsible for improving the beauty and functionality of trees and large shrubs. They carry out a wide range of duties involving trees. They trim dead and excess branches off of trees and shrubs. Sometimes this is to clear rights-of-way for roads, sidewalks, or utilities. Sometimes it is simply to improve the health and appearance of the trees. If trees have holes or cavities in their trunks, tree pruners may fill them in order to improve the health and longevity of the tree. Some workers specialize in pruning trees and shrubs for private homes, golf courses, or other facilities. Tree trimmers use a variety of tools, including handsaws, pruning hooks, shears, and clippers. If they work close to powerlines, they may use truck-mounted lifts and power pruners.

Tree pruners help to create healthy, well-maintained landscapes that can leave a positive first impression on people visiting properties. Well-maintained areas around buildings can increase real estate values. Tree pruners work to achieve a pleasant and functional outdoor environment that can give people a peaceful mood or a relaxed feeling.

Job Skills

Tree pruners need to be in good physical shape due to the strenuous nature of the job. They should be able to stand and walk for most of the day. They often are required to lift heavy loads of 100 pound or even more. They need to have the ability to follow instructions carefully and precisely. They also should be responsible and self-motivated because they are often left to work without supervision. Those interested in supervisory positions should have good communication and leadership skills.

Income

In 2002, tree pruners earned a median hourly wage of $12.07. The following shows the median hourly wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of tree pruners:

• Elementary and secondary schools -- $13.36
• Local government -- $11.81
• Services to buildings and dwellings -- $9.38
• Other amusement and recreation industries -- $8.92
• Lessors of real estate -- $8.65
• Employment services -- $8.05

Training and Education

Some tree pruner jobs require a high school diploma, but, other than that, there usually are no minimum education requirements. A majority of workers have a high school diploma or less. Safety procedures and equipment operation are typically taught on the job. Being able to follow directions well is usually the most important requirement. If driving is involved in the job, employers usually try to hire candidates with a good driving record and truck driving experience. Some tree pruners may start their own businesses if they have gained enough experience and have enough motivation.

Employment

In 2002, tree pruners held about 59,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of tree pruners is expected to increase faster than the average. This will result from expected growth in building construction, as well as an increase in the number of highways and parks. The maintenance of existing facilities will also generate demand for services from these workers. More businesses are expected to hire tree pruning services to improve the image of their business, and homeowners will continue to be a growing source of demand. More two-income households lack the time to care for their property themselves and will hire more tree pruners to do the work for them.

To learn more about hospitality careers, please see our directory of schools offering Hospitality Training and Degrees.

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Travel Agent

Job Duties

Travel agents assist travelers in making the best decisions when it comes to planning their vacations and other types of trips. They work with travelers to determine which type of trip will suit them best. They accomplish this by asking their clients questions about their travel desires and needs, budgets, and timelines. They design travel plans they feel will meet these criteria and then make all the preparations and arrangements for the client. They may book their clients on cruises or tours. They may organize group travel situations or plan trips for individuals and families.

In order to plan the trip, travel agents read through travel information from published or computerized sources such as maps, official guides, and tariff books. They locate information regarding departure and arrival times, economical fares, car rentals, and hotel ratings and accommodations. They make airline, hotel, and car rental reservations for their clients. They supply their clients with detailed itineraries, take deposits based on the cost of the trip, and schedule special accommodations to fit the particular needs of a client. They give their clients all the information they need to prepare for the trip, including information about customs regulations, passports, visas, immunization requirements, and currency exchange rates.

Job Skills

Travel agents, first and foremost, must have a passion for travel. Beyond this, they must have excellent communications skills that allow them to clearly convey their passion to clients. They should have a pleasant personality and a neat appearance. They also need to be well-organized, accurate, and detail-oriented.

Income

Travel agents with minimal experience usually earn $825 to $1,800 per month, while those with at least 3 years of experience earn $1,500 to $2,825 per month. Benefits may include paid vacations, holidays, sick leave, health insurance, pension, profit-sharing, annual bonus, or commission. After 1 year, agents usually become eligible for travel discounts such as reduced airfare and reduced costs for hotels, car rentals, tours, and cruises.

Training and Education

Those interested in becoming a travel agent should have at least a high school diploma as this is the typical minimum requirement. Travel training and college education can be very advantageous. Some vocational schools offer 3 to 12 week courses that prepare students for the occupation. Students can also find training at public adult education programs, community colleges, and universities. Travel correspondence courses through the Institute of Certified Travel Agents can lead to certification as a certified travel agent and can be a huge advantage. College courses in computer science, geography, foreign languages, history, accounting, and business management can also help applicants secure positions.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of hosts and hostesses is expected to decline. The travel industry is becoming more and more consolidated, and more people are utilizing online travel services to plan their trips. This decline will be tempered somewhat by the projected increase in household income and tourism spending. Because so many are drawn to the occupation, keen competition for available positions is predicted.

To learn more about beomcing a travel agent, please visit our section on Trave Agent Schools for more information.

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Slot Key Person

Job Duties

Slot key persons, sometimes referred to as slot attendants or slot technicians, are responsible for the operation of the slot area in a gaming facility. They verify slot winnings and disperse money to patrons based on those winnings. After completing a payout, they reset the slot machine and refill it with money. They make minor repairs to the machines and are familiar with a variety of different machines. When a machine malfunctions, they decide if it should be removed from the floor while major repairs are completed. They also report safety hazards and enforce safety regulations.

Legalized gambling is a multi-billion-dollar business in the United States and includes casinos, State lotteries, wagering on dog and horse racing, and charitable gaming. Most slot key persons are employed in casinos, and their specific duties vary from establishment to establishment. Some positions require specialized skills while others require skills that are common to almost all types of businesses.

Job Skills

Slot key persons should have an outgoing personality. They must have the ability to maintain their composure even when dealing with angry or demanding patrons. Because so many of these workers handle money, and sometimes large sums of it, personal integrity and honesty are also very important qualities.

Income

In 2002, slot key persons earned a median annual salary of $22,870. Earnings varied greatly depending on level of experience, training, location, and size of the gaming establishment in which they worked.

Training and Education

The typical minimum educational requirement for slot key person positions is a high school diploma or GED. All workers are required to obtain a license issued by a State casino control board or commission. In order to qualify for this license, applicants must submit photo identification, proof of State residency, and a fee. The licensing procedure in all States includes a background check. Every casino has different educational requirements, and almost all provide some type of on-the-job or in-house training. Those interested in long-term careers in the industry are encouraged to earn an associate's, bachelor's, or master's degree in a major such as hospitality management, hospitality administration, or hotel administration. Some vocational, community, and technical colleges offer training for this occupation.

Employment

In 2002, slot key persons held about 21,000 jobs. Most were employed by commercial casinos, and the largest concentration of workers was found in Nevada and New Jersey.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of slot key persons is expected to increase faster than the average. Even in times of economic recession, casino profits continue to rise, and many States that do not currently allow gambling are reconsidering that stance. Opportunities will be best for those with a degree or certification in gaming or a hospitality-related field, as well as those with previous experience and good communication skills.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Slot Key Person

Job Duties

Slot key persons, sometimes referred to as slot attendants or slot technicians, are responsible for the operation of the slot area in a gaming facility. They verify slot winnings and disperse money to patrons based on those winnings. After completing a payout, they reset the slot machine and refill it with money. They make minor repairs to the machines and are familiar with a variety of different machines. When a machine malfunctions, they decide if it should be removed from the floor while major repairs are completed. They also report safety hazards and enforce safety regulations.

Legalized gambling is a multi-billion-dollar business in the United States and includes casinos, State lotteries, wagering on dog and horse racing, and charitable gaming. Most slot key persons are employed in casinos, and their specific duties vary from establishment to establishment. Some positions require specialized skills while others require skills that are common to almost all types of businesses.

Job Skills

Slot key persons should have an outgoing personality. They must have the ability to maintain their composure even when dealing with angry or demanding patrons. Because so many of these workers handle money, and sometimes large sums of it, personal integrity and honesty are also very important qualities.

Income

In 2002, slot key persons earned a median annual salary of $22,870. Earnings varied greatly depending on level of experience, training, location, and size of the gaming establishment in which they worked.

Training and Education

The typical minimum educational requirement for slot key person positions is a high school diploma or GED. All workers are required to obtain a license issued by a State casino control board or commission. In order to qualify for this license, applicants must submit photo identification, proof of State residency, and a fee. The licensing procedure in all States includes a background check. Every casino has different educational requirements, and almost all provide some type of on-the-job or in-house training. Those interested in long-term careers in the industry are encouraged to earn an associate's, bachelor's, or master's degree in a major such as hospitality management, hospitality administration, or hotel administration. Some vocational, community, and technical colleges offer training for this occupation.

Employment

In 2002, slot key persons held about 21,000 jobs. Most were employed by commercial casinos, and the largest concentration of workers was found in Nevada and New Jersey.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of slot key persons is expected to increase faster than the average. Even in times of economic recession, casino profits continue to rise, and many States that do not currently allow gambling are reconsidering that stance. Opportunities will be best for those with a degree or certification in gaming or a hospitality-related field, as well as those with previous experience and good communication skills.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Retail Store Manager

Retail store managers specialize in the management of stores that sell specific types of merchandise, such as groceries, meat, liquor, apparel, furniture, automobile parts, electronic items, or household appliances. They may also work in a specific department within a department store. Retail store managers may plan advertising campaigns and sales promotions, hire and train personnel, control inventories, draft budgets, and recommend, establish, or implement store procedures and policies. Sometimes they many direct remodeling, plan store layouts and design displays, determine selling strategies, and represent the store to manufacturers. They may also be responsible for stocking shelves, taking inventory, supervising employees, or doing sales work. Managers in large stores usually delegate these tasks to other workers, while managers in smaller establishments may perform many of the tasks themselves.

Job Skills

Retail store managers should be able to communicate clearly with, and get along with, many different types of people. They should have qualities such as initiative, self-discipline, and decisiveness. They need to be able to organize and motivate the workers they supervise. Because their duties often require them to attend to all areas of the store, they must be able to withstand long periods of walking and standing.

Income

Retail store managers have an average hourly wage of $17.74, but earnings vary depending on the size, type, and profitability of the store where they work. They may start out making anywhere from minimum wage to $9.00 per hour in small stores with reasonably priced merchandise. Managers often receive bonuses of various types. While the methods for determining bonuses vary between companies, a highly successful manager may earn a total of $100,000 per year or more.

Training and Education

Retail store managers enter the occupation through a variety of paths. Some employers require applicants to have a college degree in business administration, while others only require two years of college. Courses of study may include accounting, public speaking, and basic computer operations. Community colleges offer associate's degrees in marketing. Some employers are less interested in formal education and more interested in experience and aptitude. Many companies offer on-the-job training programs for managers to further develop their skills.

Employees usually need to demonstrate their leadership potential or have a strong educational background in order to qualify for these development programs. Retail store managers may advance to their position through the ranks as sales person, assistant buyer, buyer, and ultimately, store manager. From store manager, they may advance further to branch or division manager. Visit this page about retail management courses for more information on becoming a retail store manager.

Job Outlook

Job opportunity for retail store managers is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations. This will be largely due to the expansion of retail stores, the high turnover rate in the occupation, the trend toward keeping stores open longer, and changing populations and markets that constantly require new marketing strategies. Opportunity will be best for those managers who are able to adapt to continuing innovations in retail management, especially those who can foresee opportunities in new markets.

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Retail Salesperson

Retail salespersons are responsible for describing the details of merchandise to customers in order to persuade them into making a purchase. They quickly and politely determine the needs and desires of a customer, and then use their knowledge of the product to explain how the product may meet these needs and desires. They may write sales checks, take cash and credit card payments, give change and receipts, take care of returns and exchanges, and keep work areas neat and clean. They operate computer terminals that register sales, adjust inventory figures, and do simple calculations. These computers save time and allow them to focus more on the needs of the customer. They may also help with simpler tasks, such as ordering merchandise, stocking shelves or racks, marking prices, taking inventory, or preparing displays.

Job Skills

Retail salespersons need to have good computer skills and, often, the ability to bend, lift, and stretch in order to arrange, store, or display products. They must have stamina, strength, and flexibility. Salespersons may often have to put up with impatient and rude customers, and those salespersons who travel must often be willing to deal with inclement weather. In order to close a sale or handle a complaint, they need to have extremely high levels of tact and patience.

Income

Retail salespersons' earnings have an extremely high range of variance. They may earn anywhere from minimum wage to $50,000 per year, or even more. While some are paid only a fixed salary, most earn a salary plus some type of commission on each sale they make. Commissions vary with the type of merchandise or property being sold: jewelry salespersons earn higher commissions than salespersons in discount department stores.

Training and Education

Candidates for retail salesperson positions who have a high school education, good communication skills, an outgoing personality, and a clean and neat appearance usually qualify for most jobs. Most positions do not require any specific training. However, some positions require detailed knowledge of the product, and others require knowledge of the history of an item, such as with furniture, antiques, or artwork. Some positions require candidates to have specific skills, such as carpentry or interior design. College graduates can apply for sales positions through their campus placement office, since many retail chains recruit employees on campuses. Most employers provide some sort of on-the-job training, usually covering sales techniques, store policies, sales recording, and store operations. A college education is usually vital for advancement to assistant manager, department manager, or regional sales manager positions. Advancement opportunity in small stores is often limited because often the owner completes most of the managerial work. Visit this page about retail management courses for more information on advancing your career and becoming a retail store manager.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of sales worker supervisors is expected to grow about as fast as the average. This will be due to the high rate of turnover in the occupation, which creates many job openings. Opportunity will be best for those with an associate's or bachelor's degree. However, the occupation will continue to offer great opportunity to high school graduates who lack work experience.

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Recreation Worker

Job Duties

Recreation workers plan, organize, and direct leisure activities in a variety of settings. Their duties depend on their specific positions. Recreation leaders usually lead activities such as dance, drama, crafts, games, and sports. They maintain records of facility and equipment use, schedule recreation times, and ensure proper usage of recreation equipment and facilities. Activity specialists provide participants instruction in a specialty such as art, music, drama, swimming, or tennis. Recreation supervisors direct the work of recreation leaders and specialists and often act as liaisons between these workers and the management of the park or facility.

Directors of recreation and parks manage entire recreation programs in parks, playgrounds, and other types of facilities. They may serve as advisors to State and local recreation and park commissions. Some are responsible for recreation budgets. Camp counselors lead groups of children and teenagers in recreation that is usually outdoors-oriented, such as swimming, hiking, horseback riding, and camping. They may also lead programs in such specialties as archery, boating, music, drama, gymnastics, tennis, and computers. Camp directors oversee the camp counselors at a particular summer camp and plan the overall program.

Job Skills

Important qualities for recreation workers to possess include physical fitness and excellent mental health. They should have outgoing personalities. They should be adept at motivating people and at holding a group's interest in an activity. They need to be sensitive to the various needs of a diverse population of people.

Income

In 2002, recreation workers earned a median hourly wage of $8.69. The following shows the median hourly wages in the industries employing the highest numbers of recreation workers:

• Nursing care facilities -- $9.30
• Local government -- $8.98
• Individual and family services -- $8.71
• Civic and social organizations -- $7.73
• Other amusement and recreation industries -- $7.53

Training and Education

Training and educational requirements for recreation worker positions vary greatly from job to job. Anything from a high school diploma to a master's degree may be required. Those planning a career in the field often have a bachelor's degree in parks and recreation or leisure studies. Many jobs require applicants to have specialized training in subjects like art, music, drama, or athletics. Water-related jobs may require a life-saving certificate. Some positions require an associate degree in parks and recreation, social work, or another human services discipline. Most supervisory positions require a bachelor's degree or related job experience.

Associate and bachelor's degree programs in parks and recreation can be found at hundreds of colleges and universities. Doctoral degrees are even offered in the field. Programs accredited by the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) give students a broad exposure to the history, theory, and practice of park and recreation management. Graduates can become certified by the NRPA National Certification Board and requires continuing education to maintain certification.

Employment

In 2002, recreation workers held about 400,00 jobs. Many employees worked on a part-time or seasonal basis.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of recreation workers is expected to increase faster than the average. More people are expected to spend time and money on recreation and leisure services. Growth may be tempered by local government budget cutbacks. The field is very attractive and competition for these jobs are expected to by fierce. Opportunities will be best for those with experience and formal training.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Pesticide Sprayer

Job Duties

Pesticide sprayers mix together pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or insecticides in the form of vapors or dusts. They apply these chemical compounds to soil, trees, shrubs, lawns, or botanical crops. Those who work for chemical lawn services specialize in different areas. Some may inspect lawns and diagnose lawn problems. Others may apply chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, or other chemicals to lawns and gardens. These chemicals are applied in order to control weed growth, plant diseases, or insects. Some pesticide sprayers rely less on synthetic chemicals and more on integrated pest-management techniques.

Pesticide sprayers help to create healthy, well-maintained lawns and gardens that can leave a positive first impression on people visiting properties. Well-maintained areas around buildings can increase real estate values. Pesticide sprayers work to achieve a pleasant and functional outdoor environment that can give people a peaceful mood or a relaxed feeling.

Job Skills

Pesticide sprayers need to be in good physical shape due to the strenuous nature of the job. They should be able to stand and walk for most of the day. They often are required to lift heavy loads of 100 pound or even more. They need to have the ability to follow instructions carefully and precisely. They also should be responsible and self-motivated because they are often left to work without supervision. Those interested in supervisory positions should have good communication and leadership skills..

Income

In 2002, pesticide sprayers earned a median hourly wage of $11.94. The following shows the median hourly wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of pesticide sprayers:

• Elementary and secondary schools -- $13.36
• Local government -- $11.81
• Services to buildings and dwellings -- $9.38
• Other amusement and recreation industries -- $8.92
• Lessors of real estate -- $8.65
• Employment services -- $8.05

Training and Education

Many workers who handle pesticides and other chemicals are required to be certified by the State. Certification requirements usually include successful completion of an examination covering proper use and disposal of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Some pesticide sprayer jobs require a high school diploma, but, other than that, there usually are no minimum education requirements. A majority of workers have a high school diploma or less. Safety procedures and equipment operation are typically taught on the job. Being able to follow directions well is usually the most important requirement. If driving is involved in the job, employers usually try to hire candidates with a good driving record and truck driving experience. Some pesticide sprayers may start their own businesses if they have gained enough experience and have enough motivation.

Employment

In 2002, pesticide sprayers held about 27,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of pesticide sprayers is expected to increase faster than the average. This will result from expected growth in building construction, as well as an increase in the number of highways and parks. The maintenance of existing facilities will also generate demand for services from these workers. More businesses are expected to hire pesticide services to improve the image of their business, and homeowners will continue to be a growing source of demand. More two-income households lack the time to care for their property themselves and will hire more pesticide sprayers to do the work for them.

To learn more about hospitality careers, please see our directory of schools offering Hospitality Training and Degrees.

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Passenger Service Agent

Job Duties

Passenger service agents assist airline passengers with tickets, payments, and reservations. They either work as reservation agents, who book passengers on scheduled airline flights over the phone or as service agents, who assist passengers in person. Reservation agents usually work at large offices where they take incoming calls on headsets and process those calls at computer terminals. They help customers determine the exact time and location of their flight and then reserve that information by entering it into the airline's computer system. They sometimes book the customer in hotels and arrange for car rentals. If the computer system is not operating, they may use company manuals, guides, and tariff books to complete their usual tasks.

Those who work as service agents work at airport terminals, usually behind ticket counters or at boarding gates. They complete essentially the same reservation-related tasks as reservation agents, but they also issue tickets, collect payments, and make change by hand. They record transactions and prepare daily cash reports. At the boarding gate, agents check and collect tickets, issue boarding passes, and assign seats. They help passengers who have special needs, announce arrivals and departures, reschedule passengers, and process claims. A few load and unload baggage.

Job Skills

There are a few personal traits that are important for passenger service agents to possess. They need to be friendly, courteous, and efficient. They should be excellent oral communicators. They need to be able to pay attention to minute details. They should be familiar with basic computer functions. They also need to be able to stand for long periods and lift up to 100 pounds.

Income

Earnings of passenger service agents varies widely. The size of the airline is an important factor. Reservation agents make $1,200 to $3,100 per month. Service agents make slightly more -- $1,175 to $3,200 per month. They usually work 40-hour weeks, and benefits may include insurance, medial coverage, retirement plans, profit-sharing, or discounts on air travel.

Training and Education

Employers usually require applicants to have a high school diploma, and some require college education. Once hired, agents usually receive formal on-the-job training where they learn computerized and manual reservation procedures, as well as proper telephone skills. Some of the smaller airline companies require their agents to have experience in an airline or travel agency. Some companies require their applicants to have completed a computerized reservations program offered by travel schools and some community colleges. Most employers prefer to hire applicants who have between 1 and 3 years of experience in sales, telephone, or other public contact positions. College coursework may sometimes be substituted for this experience.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of passenger service agents is expected to increase about as fast as the average. A growing population will demand more travel services than ever before, but this demand will be tempered by gains in productivity within the industry, mostly as the result of computer technology. Automated reservation systems and "ticketless" travel will decrease the need for passenger service agents. Employment is also very sensitive to economic cycles, particularly downturns in the economy.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Lodging Housekeeper

Job Duties

Lodging housekeepers are responsible for keeping rooms and other spaces in lodging facilities clean and sanitary. They keep these areas free of litter and soil. Those who work in hotels, motels, and inns push carts containing supplies such as linen, towels, toilet items, and cleaning solutions from room to room. As they make their rounds, they make beds and supply each room with fresh towels, toiletries, glasses, and stationary. They sometimes hand drapes and roll up carpets. They may move and arrange furniture, turn mattresses, hang draperies, dust blinds, and polish metal work. They often prepare rooms for meetings, social functions, or business gatherings. They may also clean driveways or swimming pool areas.

Job Skills

Those interested in obtaining jobs as lodging housekeepers need to have oral and written communication skills. They interact with many different types of people, so it is imperative that they be able to communicate clearly and pleasantly.

Income

Lodging housekeepers earn between $4.25 and $8.00 per hour when they are first hired. As they gain experience, they may earn as much as $11.00 per hour. Earnings depend largely on the type of establishment in which they work. Motels are on the lower side and luxury hotels usually offer the best wages. Lodging housekeepers are often expected to work nights, weekends, and holidays. Some employers cover vacation, insurance, and retirement.

Training and Education

Almost all housekeeping work is learned on the job. Most lodging housekeepers have a high school diploma. The main requirements are a pleasant personality and a strong work ethic. Lodging housekeepers can advance to housekeeping supervisors, executive housekeeper, or housekeeping manager.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of hosts and hostesses is expected to increase about as fast as the average. More lodging facilities will be built as a result of a growing population and economy. This will increase demand for workers to keep these new facilities spotlessly clean.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Hotel Manager

Job Duties

Hotel managers oversee operations at various types of hotels and other lodging facilities. They are responsible for the day-to-day activities of workers in the front office, kitchen, and dining rooms, as well as the accounting, bookkeeping, purchasing, and housecleaning departments. They handle any complaints or problems that may arise concerning employees or guests of the hotel. They create the standards by which hotel employees are evaluated, as well as standards for service, room prices, advertising, and publicity.

A hotel manager's duties are largely determined by the size and type of facility in which they work. Large hotels usually require hotel managers to focus on administrative tasks such as directing the heads of the various departments, such as the convention manager, food manager, personnel manager, recreation manager, and sales manager. Some large hotels tend to centralize a great deal of these positions so the individual branches do not have to have responsibility for them. Hotel managers who manage small- to medium-sized hotels usually function as owner-operators and manage all functions of the facility. They usually hire employees themselves, and they often help with work such as inspecting rooms, setting tables, and other tasks that need to be completed.

Job Skills

Those interested in the occupation of hotel manager should have a few very important personal qualities. They need to have excellent oral and written communication skills. They must be good at working independently and as a member of a team. They should have excellent problem-solving skills and the ability to remain calm under intense pressure.

Income

Salaries of hotel managers vary tremendously. In hotels with fewer than 100 rooms, hotel managers make between $7.70 and $14.50 per hour. In hotels with more than 100 rooms, they make between $9.20 and $22.20 per hour and sometimes more. Some managers in large, prestigious hotels in metropolitan or resort areas earn $10,000 per month.

Training and Education

Most hotel managers have a bachelor's or associate degree in hotel administration. Depending on the level of training and experience prior to being hired, managers may be assigned different types of entry-level work. Many begin their work for an employer by training in account departments or as an assistant to a department manager. Some universities offer four-year hotel management programs, which are highly recommended for those serious about a career in the industry. For those attending colleges without a formal hotel management program, courses in business administration, law, labor relations, and economics are encouraged. The American Hotel and Motel Association offers a program of professional certification to employees already working in the industry.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of hosts and hostesses is expected to increase faster than the average. More lodging facilities will be built as a result of a growing population and economy. This will spur demand for employees who can successfully manage these facilities and give them an edge in an increasingly competitive industry.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Hotel Desk Clerk

Job Duties

Hotel desk clerks serve as the front line in the effort to ensure that hotel guests have an enjoyable experience. They are usually the first people that guests interact with when they first arrive at a hotel. On the one hand, they must make sure the hotel makes as much money as possible. But on the other, they must make sure that all guests are happy with their stay. They check the guests into the hotel and assign them rooms that they hope will be the type of rooms the guests will find most satisfactory. They field questions from guests regarding everything from room price to hotel services. They notify the hotel manager when important guests arrive. They often operate hotel computers.

In large hotels, hotel desk clerks usually specialize in a particular area such as keys, reservations, or information. Hotel desk clerks who work in small hotels are responsible for more general operations. They usually process mail, collect payments, record accounts, handle reservations, operate the telephone switchboard, and do bookkeeping. All hotel desk clerks must be familiar with the floor plan of the hotel, the hotel's fire escape routes, and the hotel's various mechanical systems. Hotel desk clerks often direct guests to local stores, restaurants, and tourist attractions.

Job Skills

Those interested in becoming hotel desk clerks should have a pleasant and courteous personality. They should be skilled at dealing with the public. They should be dependable, responsible, and mature.

Income

Hotel desk clerks in an entry-level capacity usually earn between minimum wage and $9.00 per hour. Those with experience can earn between $9.50 and $11.75 per hour. Employees of hotels are typically required to work unusual hours because hotels are typically open 24 hours a day. Sunday and holiday work may even be required. Employees may become eligible for benefits such as paid vacations and holidays, insurance, and retirement plans. In hotels with restaurants, clerks may receive free meals.

Training and Education

A high school diploma and clerical skill are the most common requirements for securing a job as a hotel desk clerk. Training in typing, bookkeeping, and office machine operation is particularly advantageous. Bilingual skills are a huge plus. Many hotels require applicants to possess computer skills. Applicants who have experience in jobs such as bank teller or sales clerk may receive priority in the hiring process. Hotel desk clerks are either hired from within the current hotel staff or hired from the outside and given on-the-job training. Some trainees begin their jobs as switchboard operators, key clerks, information clerks, or mail clerks. Hotel desk clerks can advance to chief room clerk, assistant front office manager, front office manager, sales and promotion manager, or hotel manager. Experience is usually the key factor in promotions, along with personality, work performance, and education. Employers usually prefer a college education for positions that involve m anagement.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of hosts and hostesses is expected to increase faster than the average. More hotels are expected to be built and occupancy rates in all hotels are expected to rise. The occupation has a high turnover rate, meaning most of the job openings will be due to workers leaving the occupation. Increases in business and leisure travel will also stimulate demand for these workers.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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Host Or Hostess

Job Duties

Hosts and hostesses have the responsibility of immediately establishing the atmosphere of a restaurant for the customers when they first walk in the door. They greet customers with courtesy and class and direct them to the appropriate table or accompany them to the table, providing menus and letting the customers know which waiter or waitress will be serving them. They take and schedule reservations over the phone. They may also help customers plan special events that will take place at the restaurant. For these events, hosts and hostesses may supervise and coordinate dining room staff.

Hosts and hostesses make ever effort to ensure that the patrons' dining experience is an enjoyable one. If a customer has a complaint, they will often be the one to listen and make any necessary adjustments. They make sure that all service stations are neat and clean. Some serve as cashiers. Their duties do not end with customer interaction, however. They often interview, hire, train, and fire new staff. They sometimes schedule worker shifts and keep records of employee work times. Some even assist the chef and owner in planning the menu.

Job Skills

Those interested in host or hostess positions should have a neat and well-groomed appearance. They need to have a courteous and pleasant personality. Their customer relations skills must be of the highest caliber, and they should be able to function calmly in situations where stress is extremely high.

Income

The earnings of hosts and hostesses depend largely on the restaurant in which they work. Those who have little or no experience may earn an hourly wage of between $4.25 and $8.75. Those who have experience may earn as much as $13.50 per hour. Most work shifts that include nights and weekends. Students are particularly drawn to these jobs because they offer extremely flexible shift options. Most hosts and hostesses receive discounts on food and beverages from their employer. Some large restaurants offer employees health insurance and paid vacations.

Training and Education

Many employers prefer to hire applicants for host and hostess positions who have a high school diploma. Beyond this, there are usually no particular educational requirements. Most employers train hosts and hostesses on the job once they are hired. For those who are more ambitious and envision a career in the restaurant industry, specialized training from schools specializing in restaurant occupations may be of special value. Depending on the type and size of the restaurant in which they work, hosts and hostesses may advance to waiter or waitress, dining room supervisor, or restaurant manager.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of hosts and hostesses is expected to increase about as fast as the average. This will be due to increases in population, personal incomes, and amount of leisure time available. The occupation has an extremely high turnover rate, and most job openings are a result of workers leaving their jobs.

To learn more about hospitality, retail, and travel related careers, please visit our section on Hospitality Schools for more information.

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