Sales Engineer

Job Duties

Sales engineers, also referred to as manufacturers' agents, sales representatives, or technical sales support workers, work with customers to help them determine which of their employers products or services will meet customers' needs. They are often liaisons between the customer and the production, engineering, or research and development departments of their company. They solve problems relating to how products and services can be improved to meet customer needs. They sometimes consult with the customer regarding how to best integrate the products or services into their business model.

Sales engineers form a bridge between scientific discoveries and commercial application. Most specialize in a specific type of engineering. While they use their technical engineering knowledge, the job also requires a high degree of sales skill. They are responsible for making the client interested in their products. They often work in teams with other salespersons who focus on other non-technical aspects of sales, such as marketing. This allows the sales engineer to concentrate on the more technical aspects of sales.

Job Skills

Sales engineers need to have a solid background in engineering, particularly in the area of engineering in which they specialize. In addition, they must have the sales skills that will enable them to succeed beyond the technical aspects of the job. They need to have very strong interpersonal communication skills, an upbeat and positive personality, and they must be persistent. They must enjoy interacting with people on a regular basis. It is also important for sales engineers to be organized and self-motivated.

Income

In 2002, sales engineers earned a median annual salary, including commissions, of $63,660. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $37,430, to the highest 10%, who earned more than $108,080. The median annual salary of sales engineers in the computer systems design and related services industry was $77,100; and sales engineers in the professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers industry averaged $53,170.

Training and Education

Usually a bachelor's degree is the minimum requirement for obtaining a job as a sales engineer. However, other combinations of training and skills can qualify some candidates. Some have sales and technical experience, while others hold a degree in science or a degree in business with no sales experience. The requirements for admission to undergraduate engineering schools includes a background in mathematics, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus; physical sciences, such as biology, chemistry, and physics; and English, social studies, humanities, and computer science. There is a high degree of variance between college programs, with some focusing on industrial practices that prepare students for employment, and others concentrating on more theoretical work that prepares students for graduate school.

Many sales engineers begin their careers working as engineers, where they gain the technical knowledge necessary to convey the benefits of products to clients. Some move into the sales engineer occupation because it provides a greater challenge and higher potential earnings. Some new engineering graduates who have no sales experience will sometimes team up with a mentor who excels in the area of sales, including business practices, customers, and company procedures and culture.

Employment

In 2002, sales engineers held about 82,000 jobs. 32% worked in the manufacturing industries, and 28% worked in wholesale trade. Very few sales engineers are self-employed.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of engineering technicians is expected to increase about as fast as the average. The increasing variety of goods to be sold is one reason, and competition among advancing technologies is another. Job opportunities will be good in independent sales agencies which contract with manufacturers, and prospects will be best for those who have the right technical knowledge coupled with the personality traits of a salesperson.

For more information on pursuing a careeer as a sales engineer, please check out our directory of schools offering Computer and Technology training.

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Petroleum Engineer

Job Duties

Petroleum engineers search for oil and natural gas reservoirs across the world. Then, when reservoirs are discovered, they work with geologists and other specialists to identify the geologic formation of the rock surrounding the reservoir, decide on the drilling methods, and oversee the drilling operation. Using computer models and simulations, they design equipment and processes to recover oil and gas in the most efficient and profitable way. They also simulate reservoir performance using different recovery techniques as well as the effects of various drilling operations.

Petroleum engineers use a wide variety of enhanced recovery methods, including injecting water, chemicals, gases, or steam into an oil reservoir to force out more of the oil, and computer-controlled drilling or fracturing to connect a larger areas of a reservoir to a single well. Even the current most efficient techniques only recover a portion of the oil and gas in a reservoir, petroleum engineers are constantly researching and developing new methods to recover higher percentages and lower costs.

Job Skills

Petroleum engineers must have both mathematical and mechanical aptitudes. Their work often requires high degrees of patience and precision. They need to be able to work effectively as part of a team, and they should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of petroleum engineering because petroleum engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Petroleum engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, petroleum engineers earned a median annual salary of $83,370. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $49,010, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $127,950. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in petroleum engineering received starting offers averaging $55,987.

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level petroleum engineering positions. Most programs include study in the petroleum specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in petroleum engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, petroleum engineers held about 14,000 jobs. Most jobs were in oil and gas extraction, professional, scientific, and technical services, and petroleum refining. Most petroleum engineers worked in areas where oil and gas are found, including Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Alaska, and California. Many work overseas in petroleum-producing countries.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of petroleum engineers is expected to decline. Despite this trend, job opportunities are expected to be favorable because the number of job openings will be greater than the number of graduates in petroleum engineering. Foreign countries may present the best employment opportunities, either from foreign employers or U.S. employers who maintain overseas divisions.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Nuclear Engineer

Job Duties

Nuclear engineers work alongside nuclear scientists and technicians on projects that involve the design and construction of nuclear reactors and power plants, development and production of weapons, evaluation of environmental and ecological research, health physics or industrial safety. Some are responsible for overseeing the operation of nuclear power plants and ensuring that the plants conform to safety and efficiency standards. Nuclear engineers solve problems by applying their knowledge of mathematics, economics, and engineering principles, often in conjunction with computers and simulation techniques. Safety plays an vital role in all aspects of their work.

Nuclear engineers may also be responsible for performing administrative duties, directing projects, supervising other workers, and preparing budgets. Some work as sales representatives, teachers, consultants, or members of government commissions. They keep up-to-date in their field by reading technical journals and through independent study and research.

Job Skills

Nuclear engineers must have both mathematical and mechanical aptitudes. Their work often requires high degrees of patience and precision. They need to be able to work effectively as part of a team, and they should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of nuclear engineering because nuclear engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Nuclear engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, nuclear engineers earned a median annual salary of $81,350. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $58,350, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $111,260. Those who worked for the Federal Government earned an average of $73,769 a year. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in nuclear engineering received starting offers averaging $50,104.

Training and Education

High school students interested in becoming nuclear engineers should take classes in higher mathematics, including geometry, trigonometry, and calculus, as well as the physical sciences, machine shop, and English. Other useful classes include drafting and mechanical drawing, electronics, business administration, computer science, and the social sciences.

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level nuclear engineering positions. Most programs include study in the nuclear specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in nuclear engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of nuclear engineers is expected to experience little or no growth. This is mainly due to public concerns over the cost and safety of nuclear power. However, job opportunities for nuclear engineers are expected to be good because the number of graduates is expected to roughly equal the number of job openings.

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Mining And Geological Engineer

Job Duties

Mining and geological engineers locate, extract, and process coal, metals, and minerals that are eventually used in manufacturing and utilities. They use computers to design underground mines, oversee the construction of mine shafts in underground mines, and create new ways to transport minerals extracted from the mines to processing plants. Some work closely with metallurgists and geologists, locating and appraising ore deposits. Others are responsible for the safety, profitability, and environmental impact of mines. Still others design new types of mining equipment or mining operations. Mining and geological engineers usually specialize in one mineral or metal, like coal or gold.

Today, due to the increased emphasis on environmental responsibility, many mining and geological engineers are working on land reclamation and water and air pollution. Another specialization is mining safety, which includes using knowledge of mine design to improve the safety of workers, as well as to help businesses comply with State and Federal safety regulations. They examine and inspect mining equipment, walls, and roof surfaces, and test air quality.

Job Skills

Mining and geological engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of mining and geological engineering because mining and geological engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Mining and geological engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, mining and geological engineers earned a median annual salary of $61,770. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $93,660. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in mining and geological engineering received starting offers averaging $44,326.

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level mining and geological engineering positions. Most programs include study in the mining and geological specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in mining and geological engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, mining and geological engineers held about 5,200 jobs. 40% worked directly in the mining industry, and over one-third worked in professional, scientific, and technical services firms which provide consulting services to the mining industry.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of mining and geological engineers is expected to decline due to a projected decline in the coal, metal, and copper mining industries. Despite this fact, very good employment opportunities are projected in the occupation. This is because very few schools offer mining engineering programs, and the number of graduates is not expected to stay the same. Mining operations in other parts of the world are expected to recruit U.S. mining engineering program graduates, creating even more opportunity abroad.

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Mechanical Engineer

Job Duties

Mechanical engineers design, develop, and manufacture tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. They work on both power-producing machines, such as electrical generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines, as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, machine tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial production equipment, and robots used in manufacturing. Mechanical engineers also produce tools used by other engineers. One important emerging area of the field is nanotechnology, which integrates atoms and molecules to create high-performance materials and components.

Mechanical engineers use computers to perform computations, as well as model and simulate designs. For design and for turning the design into product, they often use Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering occupations, with mechanical engineers working in many different industries. They may specialize in energy systems; applied mechanics; automotive design; manufacturing; materials; plant engineering and maintenance; pressure vessels and piping; and heating, refrigeration, and air-conditioning systems.

Job Skills

Mechanical engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of mechanical engineering because mechanical engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Mechanical engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, mechanical engineers earned a median annual salary of $62,880. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $41,490, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $93,430. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in mechanical engineering received starting offers averaging $48,585, master's degree candidates averaged $54,565, and Ph.D. candidates averaged $69,904. The following are the median annual earnings for the industries employing the highest numbers of mechanical engineers:

• Federal government -- $72,500
• Architectural, engineering, and related services -- $65,610
• Navigational, measuring, and control instruments manufacturing -- $65,430
• Aerospace products and parts manufacturing -- $65,160
Other general purpose machinery manufacturing -- $55,850

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level mechanical engineering positions. Most programs include study in the mechanical specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in mechanical engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, mechanical engineers held about 215,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of mechanical engineers is expected to increase more slowly than the average. This will be due to an overall decrease in employment in manufacturing industries. However, demand for improved machinery and machine tools for more complex industrial processes will spur demand for mechanical engineers. Mechanical engineers can apply their degree to other engineering specialties, creating even more diverse job opportunities.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Materials Engineer

Job Duties

Materials engineers work with a wide variety of materials used to manufacture many different types of products. They may work with such materials as metals, ceramics, plastics, semiconductors, and combinations of materials called composites to develop new materials that are then used to create computer chips, television screens, golf clubs, snow skis, and many more. They also identify and select materials to be used in new ways. New technologies have radically improved the ability of materials engineers to manipulate materials in new ways, including the ability to create and study materials at an atomic level using computers.

A majority of materials engineers specialize in either metallurgical or ceramic engineering. Metallurgical engineers are divided into three main categories: extractive metallurgists, who remove metals from ores and refine them; physical metallurgists, who study the nature, structure, and physical properties of metals and their alloys; and process metallurgists, who develop and improve metalworking processes. Ceramic engineers develop ceramic materials (nonmetallic, inorganic materials that generally require high temperatures for processing) and the process for turning these materials into products. Ceramic engineers develop products such as glassware, automobile and aircraft engine components, fiberoptic communication lines, tile, and electric insulators.

Job Skills

Materials engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of materials engineering because materials engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Materials engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, materials engineers earned a median annual salary of $62,590. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $39,360, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $92,690. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in materials engineering received starting offers averaging $44,680.

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level materials engineering positions. Most programs include study in the agricultural specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in materials engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, materials engineers held about 24,000 jobs. Materials engineers work in many different manufacturing industries. 68% worked in either computer and electronic products, transportation equipment, fabricated metal products, primary metal production, and machinery manufacturing.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of materials engineers is expected to increase more slowly than the average. Many manufacturing industries are expected to have employment declines. However, a demand will remain for materials engineers to create new materials to be used in the electronics, biotechnology, and plastics fields. Employment growth will be better in professional, scientific, and technical services.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Industrial Engineer

Job Duties

Industrial engineers serve as a bridge between managements goals and operational performance. They examine the basic factors of production - people, machines, materials, information, and energy - and design the most effective and efficient ways to use these factors to make products and provide services. They differ from other engineers in that they work with the management and productivity of people, the organizational structure of businesses, and the integration of new technology. Industrial engineers study products and their requirements, use mathematics to meet those requirements, and design manufacturing and information systems. They design management control systems, improve the design of distribution systems, and use computers to simulate and control activities and devices, such as assembly lines and robots.

Health and safety engineers are very similar to industrial engineers because they deal with the production process. However, health and safety engineers promote safety in the workplace, as well as product safety, by applying their knowledge of industrial processes. They are responsible for recognizing hazardous conditions and creating hazard control methods.

Job Skills

Industrial engineers must have both mathematical and mechanical aptitudes. Their work often requires high degrees of patience and precision. They need to be able to work effectively as part of a team, and they should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of industrial engineering because industrial engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Industrial engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, industrial engineers earned a median annual salary of $62,150. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $40,380, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $87,250. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in petroleum engineering received starting offers averaging $47,051, and master's degree candidates averaged $54,565. The following are the median annual earnings for the industries employing the highest numbers of petroleum engineers:

• Semiconductor and other electronic manufacturing -- $67,460
• Navigational, measuring, and control instruments manufacturing -- $65,470
• Architectural, engineering, and related services -- $64,020
• Aerospace products and parts manufacturing - $63,630
• Motor vehicle parts manufacturing -- $62,610

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level industrial engineering positions. Most programs include study in the industrial specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in industrial engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, industrial engineers held about 194,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of industrial engineers is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Companies will need to continue reducing costs and increasing productivity, which will create demand for industrial engineers.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Environmental Engineer

Job Duties

Environmental engineers work to create solutions to environmental challenges and problems. They apply their knowledge of biology and chemistry to water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues. Some work for cities, designing water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They oversee studies in the field of hazardous waste management, evaluating the hazard, suggest methods for treatment and containment, and propose preventative regulations. They conduct research on proposed environmental projects, analyze scientific data, and perform quality control checks.

Environmental engineers are involved not only with local environmental issues, but also with world-wide issues, such as acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions, and ozone depletion. They study these issues and work to minimize their effects on the global environment. They also work in the field of wildlife protection. Many environmental engineers work as consultants, helping clients comply with regulations and to clean up hazardous sites.

Job Skills

Environmental engineers must have an interest in community affairs and environmental issues, along with mathematical and mechanical aptitude. They need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of environmental engineering because environmental engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Environmental engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, environmental engineers earned a median annual salary of $61,410. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $38,640, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $91,510. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in environmental engineering received starting offers averaging $44,702. The following are the median annual earnings for the industries employing the highest numbers of civil engineers:

• Architectural, engineering, and related services -- $58,620
• Management, scientific, and technical consulting services - $57,800
• State government -- $54,160

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level environmental engineering positions. Most programs include study in the biomedical specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in environmental engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, environmental engineers held about 228,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of environmental engineers is expected to increase much faster than the average. This will be due to the increasing recognition of this occupation as its own engineering specialty and the need for more environmental engineers to help businesses comply with environmental regulations. Demand for environmental engineers will also be increased by a shift toward preventative environmental measures, as well as an increasing concern over public health.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Engineering Technician

Job Duties

Many engineering technicians assist scientists and engineers with research and development. They use their knowledge of science, engineering, and mathematics to solve technical problems. Their work has a narrower scope and is more focused on practicality than the work of scientists and engineers. They may work in manufacturing, sales, construction, inspection, and maintenance. Some specialize in quality control where they inspect products, conduct tests, and collect data. They may also work on product design, development, and production in the manufacturing sector. Although their work is similar to technicians who repair or maintain electrical, electronic, or mechanical equipment, engineering technicians are separate from these installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.

Engineering technicians who specialize in research and development perform a variety of tasks, including setting up and maintaining equipment, preparing and conducting experiments, collecting data, calculating results, and making prototype versions of newly designed equipment. Many assist engineers and scientists with design work which often involves the use of computer-aided design (CAD) equipment. Engineering technicians usually specialize in aerospace, chemical, civil, electrical and electronics, environmental, industrial, or mechanical engineering.

Job Skills

Creativity is a necessary quality for engineering technicians because they often assist in design work. Engineering technicians must have good communication skills and the ability to work cooperatively with others. This is because so much of their work is done in a team setting. Engineering technicians must have both mathematical and mechanical aptitudes. Their work often requires high degrees of patience and precision.

Income

In 2002, engineering technicians earned the following median annual salaries in the following specialties:

• Aerospace engineering and operations technicians -- $51,650
• Electrical and electronics engineering technicians -- $42,950
• Industrial engineering technicians -- $41,910
• Mechanical engineering technicians -- $41,280
• Electro-mechanical technicians -- $38,120
• Civil engineering technicians -- $37,720
• Environmental engineering technicians -- $36,850

Training and Education

Most employers of engineering technicians prefer to hire applicants with at least a 2-year associate degree in engineering technology, although some candidates obtain jobs without formal training. Technical institutes, community colleges, extension divisions of colleges and universities, public and private vocational-technical schools, and the Armed Forces all provide training in this vocation. Some individuals who have taken college courses in science, engineering, and mathematics may be able to qualify for certain positions. High school students interested in becoming engineering technicians should focus on as many science and math classes as possible to prepare for postsecondary training.

2-year associate degree programs accredited by the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (TAC/ABET) usually require college algebra and trigonometry, as well as one or two basic science courses. These programs are generally considered to have the highest competence level in the mathematics, science, and technical course requirements. Community colleges offer more theory and general education courses, and technical institutes offer more intensive technical training. Programs run by private, often for-profit organizations, can vary greatly in length of courses and types of training.

Employment

In 2002, engineering technicians held about 478,000 jobs. 204,000 of these jobs were electrical and electronics engineering technicians. 39% of engineering technicians worked in manufacturing, and 20% worked in professional, scientific, and technical services.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of engineering technicians is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Competition in the manufacturing industry will force companies to improve and update their facilities and product designs, while computer-aided design and drafting will increase productivity and limit growth. Opportunities will be best for candidates holding an associate degree or extensive job training in engineering technology.

For more information on pursuing a careeer as an engineering technician, please check out our directory of schools offering Computer and Technology training.

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Electrical And Electronics Engineer

Job Duties

Electrical and electronics engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment, from global positioning systems to enormous electric power generators. This equipment also includes broadcast and communications systems; electric motors, machinery controls, lighting, and wiring in buildings, automobiles, aircraft, and radar and navigation systems; and power generating, controlling, and transmission devices used by electric utilities. Although computer hardware is the domain of computer hardware engineers, another engineering specialty, electrical and electronics engineers often work in areas closely related to computers.

Electrical and electronics engineers may specialize in areas such as power generation, transmission, and distribution; communications; and electrical equipment manufacturing. They also may specialize further in one of these areas, such as industrial robot control systems or aviation electronics. Some of their many duties include designing new products, writing performance requirements, developing maintenance schedules, testing equipment, solving operating problems, and estimating project time and cost..

Job Skills

Electrical and electronics engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of electrical and electronics engineering because electrical and electronics engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Electrical and electronics engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, electrical engineers earned a median annual salary of $68,180. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $44,780, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $100,980.

In 2002, electronics engineers earned a median annual salary of $69,930. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $46,310, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $103,860.

According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in electrical/electronics engineering received starting offers averaging $49,794, master's degree candidates averaged $64,556, and Ph.D. candidates averaged $74,283.

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level electrical and electronics engineering positions. Most programs include study in the electrical and electronics specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in electrical and electronics engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, electrical and electronics engineers held about 292,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of electrical and electronics engineers is expected to increase more slowly than the average. Although demand for electrical and electronics goods is expected to rise, employment growth will be limited by foreign competition. Overall, employment opportunities should be good because the number of graduates is expected to roughly equal the number of job openings. Job growth will be faster in services industries, such as consulting firms that offer electronic engineering expertise.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Civil Engineer

Job Duties

Civil engineers design and supervise the construction and maintenance of public facilities, such as roads, bridges, pipelines, subdivisions, airports, waste water systems, and many others. Some specialize in more specific fields like construction, land development, structural or hydraulic design, soil mechanics, waste water treatment, or solid waste management. Civil engineers usually design the most important features of a project, then supervise others in drawing plans, writing specifications, and preparing budgets. Their work in the field most often involves surveying, site investigation, or construction inspection and supervision. They sometimes sample soil and materials in the field or in the laboratory.

In the field of structural engineering, civil engineers may calculate the structural requirements needed to ensure the viability of certain design features. They often check work in the field to make sure it is conforming to the design. They also consult on existing structures to determine if repair or replacement is necessary. In the transportation field, civil engineers design streets and highways, planning better traffic flow. They prepare reports on environmental impact, draw preliminary plans, and inspect construction materials.

Job Skills

Civil engineers must have an interest in community affairs and environmental issues, along with mathematical and mechanical aptitude. They need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of civil engineering because civil engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Civil engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, civil engineers earned a median annual salary of $60,070. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $48,360, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $91,010. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in civil engineering received starting offers averaging $41,669 a year, and master's degree candidates averaged $47,245 a year. Ph.D. candidates averaged $69,079.

• Federal government -- $67,410
• Local government -- $62,210
• Architectural, engineering, and related services -- $59,060
• State government -- $58,350
• Nonresidential building construction -- $54,190

Training and Education

High school students interested in becoming civil engineers should focus on college preparatory classes in chemistry, physics, English, shop, and drafting. It is important for them to take as many math classes as possible, such as algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus.

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level civil engineering positions. Most programs include study in the biomedical specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in civil engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, civil engineers held about 228,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of civil engineers is expected to increase more slowly than the average. Many civil engineers are employed by construction-related services, which usually decrease hiring during slow economic times. Employment of civil engineers will also vary highly according to geographic area.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Chemical Engineer

Job Duties

Chemical engineers solve chemical problems by applying the principles of chemistry and engineering. In this way, they build bridges between science and manufacturing. Their specific duties include designing equipment and processes for large-scale chemical manufacturing, planning and testing methods of manufacturing products and treating byproducts, and supervising production. They also work in other manufacturing industries, such as electronics, photographic equipment, clothing, and pulp and paper. Along with the manufacturing industries, they also work in healthcare, biotechnology, and business services.

Chemical engineers have connections to many different fields, including chemistry, physics, mathematics, and mechanical and electrical engineering. They often specialize in a single chemical process, such as oxidation or polymerization. Sometimes they specialize in a certain aspect of the field, like materials science, or the development of specific products such as fertilizers and pesticides, automotive plastics, or chorine bleach. In their work, they must keep in mind the effects of chemical manufacturing on the environment, as well as the safety of workers and customers.

Job Skills

Because chemical engineers use computer technology in all phases of their work, they must be intimately familiar with the application of computer methods to chemical process analysis. Chemical engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of chemical engineering because chemical engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Chemical engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, chemical engineers earned a median annual salary of $72,490. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $48,450, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $88,830. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in mechanical engineering received starting offers averaging $52,384, master's degree candidates averaged $57,857, and Ph.D. candidates averaged $70,729.

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level chemical engineering positions. Most programs include study in the aerospace specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in chemical engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, chemical engineers held about 78,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of chemical engineers is expected to grow very little or not at all. This will be due to an overall decline in employment in the chemical manufacturing industry. But companies will continue to research and develop new chemicals and more efficient chemical processes. The pharmaceuticals industry may provide the best job opportunities, and many jobs will be in nonmanufacturing industries, such as research and testing services.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Biomedical Engineer

Job Duties

Biomedical engineers create solutions to various medical and health-related problems by designing devices and procedures. They may work alongside life scientists, chemists, and medical scientists in order to develop products such as artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical information systems, and health management and care delivery systems. Biomedical engineers design many different types of devices used in medical procedures, such as the computers used to analyze blood or the laser systems used in corrective eye surgery. They design specialized devices like artificial organs, imaging systems such as magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and x-ray, and devices for automating insulin injections or controlling body functions.

Job Skills

Biomedical engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of biomedical engineering because biomedical engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Biomedical engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, biomedical engineers earned a median annual salary of $60,410. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $48,450, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $107,520. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in biomedical engineering received starting offers averaging $39,126 a year, and master's degree candidates averaged $61,000 a year.

Training and Education

Most biomedical engineers have specialized biomedical training, as well as a background in mechanical or electronics engineering. Many specialize in fields such as biomaterials, biomechanics, medical imaging, rehabilitation engineering, and orthopedic engineering. In contrast to many other engineering positions, a graduate degree is usually either recommended or required for entry-level positions.

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level biomedical engineering positions. Most programs include study in the biomedical specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in biomedical engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, biomedical engineers held about 7,600 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of biomedical engineers is expected to increase faster than the average. This will mainly be due to an aging population and a focus on health issues that will increase the demand for better medical devices and equipment.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Agricultural Engineer

Job Duties

Agricultural engineers use their knowledge of biology and engineering technology to solve agricultural problems. They often work alongside biological scientists and agricultural and food scientists, designing agricultural machinery, equipment, and structures. They may specialize in a variety of areas, including power systems and machinery design; structures and environment; and food and bioprocess engineering. They work to develop ways to improve the processing of agricultural products, as well as methods to conserve soil and water. They may work in a number of different sections of an organization, such as research and development, production, sales, or management.

Job Skills

Agricultural engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of agricultural engineering because agricultural engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Agricultural engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, agricultural engineers earned a median annual salary of $50,700. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $35,590, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $87,220. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in agricultural engineering received starting offers averaging $42,987, master's degree candidates averaged $54,000.

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level agricultural engineering positions. Most programs include study in the agricultural specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in agricultural engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, agricultural engineers held about 2,900 jobs. One third worked for professional, scientific, and technical services, supplying consultant services to farmers and farm-related industries. Others were employed in various industries, such as crops and livestock, manufacturing, and government.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of agricultural engineers is expected to increase about as fast as the average. The increase in employment will result from the worldwide standardization of agricultural equipment, the increasing demand fro agricultural products, the demand for more efficient agricultural production, and the growing public importance of resource conservation. Job openings will also result from engineers who retire, change occupations, or leave the work force for other reasons.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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Aerospace Engineer

Job Duties

Aerospace engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacture of these products. They are divided into two categories: aeronautical engineers work with aircraft, and astronautical engineers work with spacecraft. Aerospace engineers design and create machines that are incredibly complex, including aircraft that weigh over half a million pounds to spacecraft that travel over 17,000 miles per hour. They may work with technology relating to aviation, defense systems, and space exploration. They may specialize in structural design, guidance, navigation and control, instrumentation and communication, or production. They sometimes specialize in a certain type of product, like commercial transports, military fighter jets, helicopters, spacecraft, or missiles and rockets. They are often experts in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion, acoustics, or guidance and control systems.

Job Skills

Aerospace engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team. They should have the ability to communicate in writing and orally. These communication skills are vital in the field of aerospace engineering because aerospace engineers interact so often with many non-engineering specialists in a wide variety of fields. Aerospace engineers should be analytical, creative, detail-oriented, and inquisitive.

Income

In 2002, aerospace engineers earned a median annual salary of $72,750. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $49,640, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $105,060. According to a 2003 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, bachelor's degree candidates in mechanical engineering received starting offers averaging $48,028, master's degree candidates averaged $61,162, and Ph.D. candidates averaged $68,406. The following are the median annual earnings for the industries employing the highest numbers of aerospace engineers:

• Federal government -- $81,830
• Architectural, engineering, and related services -- $74,890
• Aerospace products and parts manufacturing -- $70,920

Training and Education

A bachelor's degree is required for all entry-level aerospace engineering positions. Most programs include study in the aerospace specialty, as well as courses in mathematics and science. Many programs include a design course, along with a computer or laboratory class. Many colleges offer students the option of earning a 2- or 4-year degree in engineering technology, which include hands-on laboratory courses that prepare students for practical design and production work, as opposed to more theory-based jobs. While graduates of these programs may obtain the same kinds of jobs as graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering, they are not qualified to register as professional engineers.

Faculty positions and many research and development programs in aerospace engineering require graduate training. Some engineers earn degrees in business administration to enhance their education and give themselves more career options. In fact, many high-level executives in government and business started their careers as engineers. Engineers in the United States are required to be licensed if they offer their services directly to the public. When engineers become licensed, they are designated Professional Engineers (PE). PE requirements include a degree from an engineering program accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 4 years of relevant work experience, and successful completion of a State examination. Entry-level engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers, and may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff of engineers and technicians.

Employment

In 2002, aerospace engineers held about 78,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of aerospace engineers is expected to decline. This will be largely due to the slowdown in air travel, as well as foreign competition. However, the number of degrees granted in aerospace engineering has declined greatly over the last decade because of a perceived lack of opportunity in the field. This will create favorable job opportunities for aerospace engineers.

For more information on how to pursue this profession, please see our Computer Training and Technology Education directory.

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