Writer

Job Duties

Writers, also known as authors, create original works of fiction and nonfiction that are published in many different types of publications, including books, magazines, trade journals, online publications, company newsletters, radio and television broadcasts, motion pictures, and advertisements. Writers typically use personal computers, desktop or electronic publishing systems, scanners, and other electronic communications equipment. Some write material that is published directly on the Internet, through electronic newspapers and magazines and other types of electronic publications.

There are a number of different writing specializations. Writers who specialize in nonfiction need to gain credibility with their audiences by applying sound research and appropriate sources and citations. Poets, novelists, playwrights, lyricists, and screenwriters create original prose, poems, plays, and song lyrics that are either commissioned or written for hire. Newsletter writers create informational publications that are distributed to association members, corporate employees, organizational clients, or the public. Many writers work on a freelance basis, selling their services and work to various types of clients.

Job Skills

Writers should be creative, curious, and have knowledge in a wide array of subjects. They must have a passion for writing, and be able to express themselves clearly, concisely, and creatively. Writers need to have a good sense of ethics and judgment, as they often have to make important decisions regarding the material they publish. Self-motivation and perseverance are also important qualities.

Income

In 2002, writers earned a median annual salary of $42,790. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $21,320, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $85,140.

Training and Education

Writing positions usually require a college degree, typically in communications, journalism, or English, although some employers prefer a broad liberal arts background. For specialized fields, such as fashion, business, or legal writing, applicants should have specific knowledge of the subject. Valuable experience can be gained at high school and college newspapers, literary magazines, community newspapers, and radio and television stations. Internships at magazines, newspapers, and broadcast stations can also be very advantageous. Interns usually write short pieces, conduct research and interviews, and learn about the business.

Writers just starting out in small firms may begin writing material immediately. However, these small organizations can be limited in opportunities for advancement, and they may not have the resources to hire writers full-time. For this reason, many writers freelance with small organizations on a project-by-project basis. Larger firms usually have a more formal structure. Newly hired employees have designated responsibilities, including researching, fact checking, or copy editing. Promotion to full-scale assignments and more important material sometimes comes slowly.

Employment

In 2002, writers held about 139,000 jobs. More than half worked in the various sectors of the information industry.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of writers is expected to increase about as fast as the average due to the increasing demand for these employees from newspapers, periodicals, book publishers, and nonprofit organizations. Opportunities will be best for those with training in a specialized field.

For more information on a career as a writer, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

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Video Camera Operator

Job Duties

Video camera operators operate television, video, or motion picture cameras, which they use to capture many different types of material, including television series, studio programs, news and sporting events, music videos, motion pictures, documentaries, and training sessions. The images they capture either tell a story, inform or entertain audiences, or record an event.

Video camera operators work under a variety of different titles. Videographers record images on videotape and are often employed by independent television stations, local affiliates, large cable and television networks, or smaller, independent production companies. Studio camera operators videotape broadcast studio anchorpersons and other subjects in fixed positions. News camera operators capture live, newsworthy events as part of a reporting team, and may edit their own footage on location. Cinematographers film motion pictures, and may specialize in filming cartoons or special effects. Steadicam operators carry a mounted camera on their shoulders, allowing them to move around action and capture it in clear images.

Job Skills

Video camera operators need to be accurate, patient, and detail-oriented. They must have quality eyesight, strong hand-eye coordination, and artistic aptitude. Because they are constantly working with people, they need to have well-developed interpersonal communication skills. Sometimes they are required to hold cameras by hand for extended periods of time, so they must have a certain level of physical fitness. Those who own their own business or freelance need business skills such as knowing how to submit bids, write contracts, get permission to shoot on non-public locations, obtain releases, and price their services.

Income

In 2002, video camera operators earned a median annual salary of $32,720. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $14,710, to the highest 10%, who earned more than $65,070. Median annual salaries in motion picture and video industries were $41,440, and $25,830 in television broadcasting.

Training and Education

Video camera operators usually enter the occupation through either on-the-job training or formal education. Some positions require formal education, which can be obtained through vocational schools, colleges, universities, or photographic institutes. Bachelor's degree programs provide an especially well-rounded education. It is also important for those interested in the occupation to subscribe to videographic newletters and magazines, join clubs, and apply for internships.

Once hired, entry-level video camera operators learn skills such as setting up lights, cameras, and other equipment, or adjusting cameras and deciding what material to capture. In the film and television industries, they are usually hired on a project basis on the recommendations from others in the industry. As they gain experience, video camera operators can advance to more rigorous assignments, to positions with larger or network television stations, or to director of photography positions within the motion picture industry.

Click here for more information on Video Production Schools and the programs that they offer.

Employment

In 2002, video camera operators held about 28,000 jobs. About 20% were self-employed.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of video camera operators is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Growth will be caused by rapid expansion of the entertainment industry, especially motion picture production and distribution. Computer and Internet markets will also continue to grow. Growth will be tempered by the increased foreign production of motion pictures. Opportunity will be best for those who are the most creative, motivated, and adaptable.

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Translator

Job Duties

Translators convert written materials from one language to another. They first read the entire text to be translated so that they become familiar with the subject. They look up any words that they are not familiar with, and sometimes complete additional reading to answer questions they have about the text. They also communicate with the author or issuing agency to enhance their understanding of the text. They then begin the work of manipulating sentences and ideas, bringing them up to the same level of coherence as the source text. They sometimes explain cultural references that the audience of the translated work may not be familiar with. Today, almost all translation work is done on computers and transferred electronically, enabling a large percentage of translators to work from home.

There are a number of specialties within the field of translation. Judicial translators are thoroughly familiar with the language and functions of the U.S. judicial system, as well as foreign judicial systems. Literary translators translate written literature, including journal articles, books, poetry, and short stories. This is very creative work, as they must reproduce the style and tone of the original work. They often work closely with authors to best capture the intention of a work. Localization translators, a relatively recent specialization, adapt products for use in a different language and culture. These products include software, Internet sites, and products in manufacturing and other business sectors.

Job Skills

Translators need to have excellent writing skills, as well as analytical abilities. They need to be very good editors because they must create translated documents that are flawless.

Income

In 2002, translators earned a median hourly wage of $15.67. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $9.37, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $25.99.

Training and Education

Translators come from a wide range of educational backgrounds. Many translators grow up speaking more than one language, although this is not necessarily a requirement. High school can offer some preparation in the form of courses in English writing and comprehension, foreign languages, and basic computer proficiency. Spending time in foreign countries or other forms of contact with foreign language speakers can be very helpful. Translators usually need to hold at least a bachelor's degree, although they do not necessarily have to major in a language. Formal programs in translation are available at many colleges, as well as non-university training programs.

No universal form of certification exists for translators in the United States. However, translators can become certified by the American Translators Association in more than 24 language combinations. The Translators and Interpreters Guild also offers certification options. Experience is essential, as many agencies and companies hire candidates who have 3 to 5 years of experience or who have a degree in translation studies. An excellent way to gain hands-on experience in translating is to work in-house for a company. Prospective translators should gain experience any way that they can, including informal or unpaid work.

Employment

In 2002, interpreters and translators held about 24,000 jobs. More than 20% were self-employed, working only part time and relying on other sources of income.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of translators is expected to increase faster than the average due to the broadening of international ties and the increase in foreign language speakers in the United States. The highest demand exists for translators of Portuguese, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.

For more information on a career as a translator, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

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Technical Writer

Job Duties

Technical writers transform complex, technical information into language that is more easily understood by readers. They may write operating and maintenance manuals, catalogs, parts lists, assembly instructions, sales promotion materials, and project proposals. In the engineering industry, technical writers work closely with engineers to create written interpretations of engineering design that are accessible to non-technical readers. These technical writers prepare technical manuals and direct the creation of accompanying illustrations, photographs, diagrams, and charts.

Science and medical writers, a type of technical writer, write a number of different types of formal documents which include information concerning physical and medical science. They examine research findings, organize the information, and compose pieces of writing for advertising or public-relations efforts. Many work closely with researchers in order to become better prepared to present data and other information in written form that the public can easily comprehend.

Job Skills

Technical writers should be creative, curious, and have knowledge in a wide array of subjects, including knowledge in one specialized field. They must have a passion for writing, and be able to express themselves clearly, concisely, and creatively. Technical writers need to have a good sense of ethics and judgment, as they often have to make important decisions regarding the material they publish. Self-motivation and perseverance are also important qualities.

Income

In 2002, technical writers earned a median annual salary of $50,580. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $30,270, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $80,900.

Training and Education

Technical writing positions usually require, at the very minimum, a college degree, typically in communications, journalism, or English, although some employers prefer a broad liberal arts background. More and more technical writing jobs require a degree in a specialized field, such as engineering, business, or science. People who have good writing skills can often acquire this specialized knowledge on the job. Or they may transfer from jobs as technicians, scientists, engineers, or research assistants. Valuable writing experience can be gained at high school and college newspapers, literary magazines, community newspapers, and radio and television stations. Internships at magazines, newspapers, and broadcast stations can also be very advantageous. Interns usually write short pieces, conduct research and interviews, and learn about the business.

Technical writers just starting out in small firms may begin writing material immediately. However, these small organizations can be limited in opportunities for advancement, and they may not have the resources to hire writers full-time. For this reason, many technical writers freelance with small organizations on a project-by-project basis. Larger firms usually have a more formal structure. Newly hired employees have designated responsibilities, including researching, fact checking, or copy editing.. Promotion to full-scale technical assignments and more important material sometimes comes slowly.

Employment

In 2002, technical writers held about 50,000 jobs. More than half worked in the various sectors of the information industry.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of technical writers is expected to increase about as fast as the average, although technical writers are also expected to have some of the best job prospects within the field of writing and editing. Demand for employees who can convert technical information into understandable language will be driven by growth in the fields of scientific and technical information. Extremely fast growth in the high-technology and electronics industries will create a need for more users' guides, instruction manuals, and training materials.

For more information on a career as a technical writer, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

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Sound Engineering Technician

Job Duties

Sound engineering technicians record, mix, synchronize, or reproduce music, voices, or sound effect using recording machines and equipment. They may work in theater productions, sporting arenas, recording studios, or movie and video productions. Closely related occupations include recording engineers, who operate and maintain video and sound recording equipment designed to produce special effects and other sounds; and sound mixers and rerecording mixers, who produce the soundtrack of movies and television shows.

Sound engineering technician jobs have been greatly altered by the transition to digital recording, editing, and broadcasting. Electronic equipment has largely been replaced by desktop software, and video and audio tapes have been replaced by computer hard drives and other types of data storage. Computer networks coupled with specialized equipment have become the standard for broadcasting. As a result, sound engineering technicians have been forced to adapt and learn software and computer networking skills.

Job Skills

Sound engineering technicians need to have skill working with electrical, electronic, and mechanical systems and equipment. It is also important for them to have good manual dexterity.

Income

In 2002, sound engineering technicians earned a median annual salary of $36,970. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $18,540, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $82,510.

Training and Education

Prospective sound engineering technicians should take high school courses in math, physics, and electronics. Another source of valuable experience is building electronic equipment from hobby kits, as well as working for campus radio and television stations. Sound engineering technicians can advance to jobs such as supervisory technician or chief engineer. A college degree in engineering is required in order to advance to chief engineer at a larger television station.

The most effective way to train for a career as a sound engineering technician is to enroll in a technical school community college, or university program in electronics, computer networking, or broadcast technology. New employees usually learn on the job from more experienced technicians and supervisors. Some begin their careers working in smaller, local stations and, after gaining valuable experience, move on to larger stations and networks. Quite a few employers offer programs in which they will pay the tuition and expenses for courses and seminars that improve the skills of their employees and help keep them updated on the latest developments in the field.

Employment

In 2002, sound engineering technicians held about 13,000 jobs. Television jobs are usually located in cities, but radio jobs can be found even in small towns. New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. offer the highest-paying jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of sound engineering technicians is expected to increase faster than the average. Advancements in technology will increase the abilities of technicians to produce higher quality radio and television programming. Job growth will be limited by the consolidation in ownership of television and radio stations. In the cable and pay television sector of the industry, employment growth will be higher.

For more information on a career as a sound engineering technician, please see our directory of Media Production Schools

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Radio Operator

Job Duties

Radio operators use a number of different tools to receive and transmit radio communications. They repair equipment, using electronic testing equipment, hand tools, and power tools. They have the responsibility of maintaining communications systems in good working order. In small stations, their duties are often numerous, while in larger stations they usually specialize. They may monitor and log outgoing signals and operate transmitters. They also may regulate fidelity, volume, and sound quality.

Radio operator jobs have been greatly altered by the transition to digital recording, editing, and broadcasting. Electronic equipment has largely been replaced by desktop software, and video and audio tapes have been replaced by computer hard drives and other types of data storage. Computer networks coupled with specialized equipment have become the standard for broadcasting. As a result, radio operators have been forced to adapt and learn software and computer networking skills.

Job Skills

Radio operators need to have skill working with electrical, electronic, and mechanical systems and equipment. It is also important for them to have good manual dexterity.

Income

In 2002, radio operators earned a median annual salary of $31,530. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $17,380, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $56,340.

Training and Education

Radio operator positions do not normally require any type of formal training, and many entry-level positions include on-the-job training. However, formal training can give candidates a huge advantage over the competition. Prospective radio operators can take high school courses in math, physics, and electronics. Another source of valuable experience is building electronic equipment from hobby kits, as well as working for campus radio and television stations.

The most effective way to train for a career as a radio operator is to enroll in a technical school community college, or university program in electronics, computer networking, or broadcast technology. New employees usually learn on the job from more experienced technicians and supervisors. Some begin their careers working in smaller, local stations and, after gaining valuable experience, move on to larger stations and networks. Quite a few employers offer programs in which they will pay the tuition and expenses for courses and seminars that improve the skills of their employees and help keep them updated on the latest developments in the field.

Employment

In 2002, radio operators held about 3,000 jobs. New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. offer the highest-paying jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of radio operators is expected to decline because more and more stations are utilizing remote transmitters. Advancements in technology will increase the abilities of operators to produce higher quality radio and television programming. Job growth will be limited by the consolidation in ownership of television and radio stations.

For more information on a career as a radio operator, please see our directory of Broadcasting Schools

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Public Relations Specialist

Job Duties

Public relations specialists work for various types of organizations, such as businesses, nonprofit associations, universities, and hospitals. They are responsible for coordinating many different kinds of projects concerning media and consumer relations; interest-group representation; political campaigns; conflict mediation; or employee and investor relations. They operate as advocates for organizations and are increasingly relied upon by management to supply sound strategic advice regarding how to best maintain positive relationships with the organization's targeted section of the public. Public relations specialists also work to understand the attitudes and concerns of consumers, employees, and other groups, as well as how best to facilitate communication and cooperation between these various groups.

Public relations specialists create working relationships with key individuals in broadcast and print media. They write press releases and use their media contacts to help them place the information in the most effective media sources. They often act as spokespersons for organizations, and may arrange meetings or other functions in which members of an organization meet with the public. They may assist an organization's representatives in preparing presentations and speaking engagements. Public relations specialists in government are sometimes referred to as press secretaries, public affairs specialists, or communication specialists, and are responsible for informing the public regarding government activities.

Job Skills

Aspiring public relation specialists should have a personality that is outgoing and confident. They should have a passion for motivating people. They need to be able to work well in a team setting, yet also have a high degree of competitiveness. Decision-making, problem-solving, and research skills are vital. They also need to have creativity, initiative, sound judgment, and the ability to express themselves clearly and concisely.

Income

In 2002, public relations specialists earned a median annual salary of $41,710. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $24,240, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $75,100. The following shows the median annual salaries in the industries employing the highest number of public relations specialists:

• Advertising and related services -- $48,070
• Local government -- $42,000
• Business, professional, labor, and political organizations -- $39,330
• Colleges, universities, and professional schools -- $36,820

Training and Education

No specific entry requirements exist for public relation specialists. The most common educational background is a college degree, plus experience in the field through an internship. Programs in public relations are offered at many colleges and universities across the U.S. Many of these schools will help students secure internships, an increasingly vital component of getting hired. Quite a few public relations specialists get started by doing public relations work in the Armed Forces. Some large organizations offer formal training programs for newly hired employees. Public relations specialists can become accredited through the Public Relations Society of America by demonstrating 5 years of experience and passing an extensive 6-hour test. The International Association of Business Communicators also offers accreditation.

Employment

In 2002, public relations specialists held about 158,000 jobs. Most worked in service industries, such as advertising and related services; health care and social assistance; educational services; and government.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of public relations specialists is expected to increase faster than the average, due to the increased competitiveness in the world of business and the high value now placed on public relations maintenance by organizations. Competition will be high for entry-level jobs. Opportunities will be best for those with a bachelor's degree in some combination of journalism, public relations, or advertising, and who have completed an internship in the field.

For more information on a career as a public relations specialist, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

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Multimedia Artist

Job Duties

multimedia artists create special effects and animated images for movies, television programs, and computer games. They either draw by hand of use computers to design the large series of pictures that form animated images. Most multimedia artists work in the motion picture, video, advertising, and computer systems design industries. Some multimedia artists create storyboards (presentations in a series of scenes similar to a comic strip) for commercials that help advertising agencies decide which commercials to produce. They may also draw storyboards for movies and animated programs. Storyboards help guide the placement of actors and cameras in the television and motion picture industries, as well as other pre-production details for commercials.

Job Skills

multimedia artists should be highly creative and have an aptitude for visual design and drawing. They need to be able to work well with a team. multimedia artists who are self-employed should have an entrepreneurial spirit and be very self-motivated.

Income

In 2002, multimedia artists earned a median annual salary of $43,980. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $25,830, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $85,160. In the motion picture and video industries, multimedia artists earned a median annual salary of $58,840.

Training and Education

There are many educational paths that lead to employment as a multimedia artist. Some artists attend colleges or universities where they earn a Bachelor in Fine Arts (BFA) or Master in Fine Arts (MFA). These programs usually include courses in English, social science, and natural science, as well as art history and studio art. Many independent schools of art and design offer fine arts training in the form of an Associate in Art or Bachelor in Fine Arts degree. These programs focus more on the studio training aspect, rather than the general education found in university settings. Most programs include a training component in computer graphics and other techniques. More than 200 postsecondary institutions are accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design.

When employers of multimedia artists are deciding who to hire for full-time jobs or contract work, they often rely heavily on the artists' portfolio. The portfolio demonstrates an artist's talent and skill and includes handmade, computer-generated, photographic, or printed samples of the artist's work. Internships are also an excellent way to acquire skills, demonstrate experience in the field, and enhance portfolios. multimedia artists who work for advertising agencies usually begin completing simple tasks and practicing their skills on the side. Many multimedia artists freelance part-time while holding another full-time job until they gain more experience and recognition.

Employment

In 2002, artists, including multimedia artists, held about 149,000 jobs. More than 50% were self-employed.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of multimedia artists is expected to increase about as fast as the average. However, competition for these jobs is expected to be high. Many young people are attracted to this occupation, wishing to develop their talent and creative ability in a lucrative way. This will increase competition for both salaried positions and freelance work. Opportunities will be best for those who have mastered their specific artistic techniques, and who also have highly developed computer skills.

For more information on a career as a multimedia artist, please see our directory of schools offering Multimedia Training

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Journalist

Job Duties

Journalists occupy a crucial position in U.S. society, gathering information, relating stories, and broadcasting news that keeps the public informed on topics such as local, State, national, and international events; the actions of public officials, corporate executives, special-interest groups, and other people of power and influence; and communicate points of view on current issues that affect public life.

Journalists fall into a number of specialized categories. Newscasters present news stories, communicate on the air with live reporters, and explain video images and other transmissions. Weathercasters report on the current and forecasted state of the weather using information from satellites, weather services, and weather bureaus. Sportscasters present news about sports, including interviews with sports stars and descriptions of sporting events. Reporters investigate news stories, interview people, examine documents, and take notes and photographs at a scene; then they organize this material and write stories for print or broadcast. News correspondents are stationed in large U.S. or foreign cities and report on news that happens in that city.

Job Skills

Journalists must have good physical and emotional stamina to deal with the more challenging aspects of the occupation such as tight deadlines, irregular hours, and dangerous assignments. They should have persistence, initiative, poise, resourcefulness, and a good memory. They must be comfortable with many new people and new places. On-air positions require a pleasant voice and attractive appearance.

Income

In 2002, journalists earned a median annual salary of $30,510. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $17,620, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $69,450.

Training and Education

For a majority of journalism jobs, most employers prefer to hire applicants who have a bachelor's degree in journalism or mass communications. Some employers hire applicants who have majored in other subjects. Employers also prefer applicants who have gained experience through school newspapers or school broadcasting stations, or who have completed internships. Some larger organizations prefer applicants who have a degree in a specialty such as economics, political science, or business. Over 400 colleges and universities offer bachelor's degree programs in journalism, including courses in liberal arts, mass media, basic reporting and copy editing, history of journalism, and press law and ethics.

Community and junior colleges offer other options for journalism credit that can usually be transferred to a 4-year institution. 120 schools offered master's degree programs in journalism, and 35 offered a Ph.D. degree. Graduate programs are designed to prepare graduates either for news careers or for careers such as journalism teachers, researchers, theorists, and advertising and public relations workers. An excellent way to prepare for a journalism career while in high school is to take courses such as English, journalism, and social studies. College liberal arts programs in English, sociology, political science, economics, history, and psychology can also form a solid foundation. Practical experience is just as important as education when employers make hiring decisions. Many students have already gained experience by the time they graduate through internships or part-time summer jobs.

Employment

In 2002, journalists held about 66,000 jobs. 60% worked for newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers. 25% worked in radio and television broadcasting. Only 4,100 were self-employed.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of journalists is expected to increase more slowly than the average. This will be due to mergers, consolidations, and closures of newspapers, as well as a decrease in circulation, increased expenses, and a decline in advertising profits. The highest amount of opportunity will be in smalltown and suburban newspapers and radio and television stations.

For more information on a career as a journalist, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

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Interpreter

Job Duties

Interpreters convert one spoken language into another spoken language, or sign language into spoken language. Before they arrive at the job site, they usually spend time researching and familiarizing themselves with the subject matter to be covered, sometimes creating a list of common words and phrases. Some work, such as telephone interpretation, may not require their physical presence, but most do require them to travel to a job site so they can observe the person speaking. The work of interpreters is divided into two categories: simultaneous and consecutive. In simultaneous interpretation, interpreters listen and speak (or sign) at the same time. In consecutive interpretation, interpreters begin talking only after the speaker (or signer) has completed conveying their thought.

There are a number of specialties within the field of interpretation. Conference interpreters work in international and diplomatic conferences, as well as other international events. They are usually highly skilled in multiple languages and simultaneous interpretation. Escort interpreters assist foreign visitors to the U.S. or U.S. travelers abroad, ensuring that they can communicate during their travels. Judiciary interpreters facilitate communication in the courtroom between English-speaking and non-English-speaking witnesses.

Job Skills

Interpreters need to pay extra attention to the details of communication. They must be able to understand both languages completely, and have the ability to express thoughts and ideas clearly and concisely. A strong memory, excellent research and analytical skills, and good mental dexterity are also crucial skills for the job.

Income

In 2002, interpreters earned a median hourly wage of $15.67. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $9.37, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $25.99.

Training and Education

Interpreters come from a wide range of educational backgrounds. Many interpreters grow up speaking more than one language, although this is not necessarily a requirement. High school can offer some preparation in the form of courses in English writing and comprehension, foreign languages, and basic computer proficiency. Spending time in foreign countries or other forms of contact with foreign language speakers can be very helpful. Interpreters usually need to hold at least a bachelor's degree, although they do not necessarily have to major in a language. Formal programs in interpretation are available at many colleges, as well as non-university training programs.

Interpreters can become certified through the Federal courts in Spanish, Navaho, and Haitian Creole. Court interpreters can also become certified by the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators. The U.S. Department of State offers has a three-test series for interpreters, including simple consecutive interpreting, simultaneous interpreting, and conference-level interpreting. Sign language interpreters can become certified through either the National Association of the Deaf or the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf. Experience is essential, as many agencies and companies hire candidates who have 3 to 5 years of experience or who have a degree in translation studies.

Employment

In 2002, interpreters and translators held about 24,000 jobs. More than 20% were self-employed, working only part time and relying on other sources of income.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of interpreters is expected to increase faster than the average due to the broadening of international ties and the increase in foreign language speakers in the United States. This has created high demand for interpreters, especially in urban areas in California, New York, and Washington, D.C.

For more information on a career as an interpreter, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

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Film And Video Editor

Job Duties

Film and video editors work in motion pictures and television to create storyline continuity within a film. For each scene in a motion picture or television show, they are given multiple shots from different angles. They evaluate scenes to determine their dramatic and entertainment value. Then they choose the best shots for each scene and then combine them to form a coherent sequence of scenes. Sometimes they may decide to cut certain scenes altogether. They attempt to balance elements such as photography, performance, consistency, and timing.

Film and video editors often are required to cut a piece down to a specified length. They use editing equipment to insert dialogue, music, and sound effects. They use computers to monitor film and video, as well as make adjustments. They often work closely with sound effects editors, who analyze the sound requirements of the film or video, record sounds, and create soundtracks; music editors, who determine the music needed for a film, locate the right music if an original score is not used, and synchronize music with film; and assistant editors, who complete preparation work, oversee interns, arrange scheduling, and offer general support to film and video editors.

Job Skills

Film and video editors should be creative and have sound judgment and good vision. They must be good at organizing large quantities of information. They should have a discerning and critical mind. They need to be fast learners and able to adapt quickly to new challenges during the editing process. They should have well-developed interpersonal communication skills, as they usually work with a team on each project.

Income

In 2001, film and video editors working in California earned an average hourly wage of $20.99 per hour, ranging from $12.44 to $27.79 per hour. Their average annual earnings were $43,669. Due to the higher degree of skill involved in film editing, earnings in the motion picture industry tended to be higher than in television.

Training and Education

The entry-level position in this occupation is apprentice film editor, which usually requires a bachelor's degree in filmmaking. This is not a strict requirement, though, and quite a few editors do not have a bachelor's degree. Employers look favorably upon work experience in a university or college film department. Film and video editors are not required to have a State license or certificate. They often are required to take continuing education courses in order to stay informed about current trends and changes in the industry. An effective way for film and video editors to increase employment opportunities is to learn as much as possible about the different computer-based editing systems. These computer-based systems are becoming more and more common, and will eventually replace traditional editing techniques altogether.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of film and video editors is expected to increase faster than the average. Competition will be high for these highly desirable jobs. Opportunities will be best for those who have a bachelor's degree in film studies, or who have experience with computer-based editing systems.

For more information on a career as a film and video editor, please see our directory of schools offering Video Production Training

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Editor

Job Duties

Editors sometimes compose original work, but mostly they review, rewrite, and edit the work that has already been created by writers. Their responsibilities are different depending on the type of organization they work for and their position within that organization. They may plan the content of books, technical journals, trade magazines, and other general-interest publications. They may review drafts of work, edit writing, suggest improvements, and develop titles. They also may direct the production of publications. Editors in the book-publishing industry are responsible for reviewing book proposals and deciding if they want to purchase the publications rights from the author.

There are many different types of editors in the magazine and newspaper industry. Assistant editors are responsible for specific subjects, including local news, international news, feature stories, and sports, among others. Executive editors manage assistant editors and usually have authority regarding the final editing decisions. Managing editors make sure the daily operations of the news department run smoothly. Assignment editors divide assignments between reporters. Copy editors review and edit the work of reporters, checking for accuracy, content, grammar, and style. In smaller organizations, a single editor may perform all of these various functions.

Job Skills

Editors should be creative, curious, and have knowledge in a wide array of subjects. They must have a passion for writing and editing, and be able to express themselves clearly, concisely, and creatively. Editors need to have a good sense of ethics and judgment, as they often have to make important decisions regarding the material they publish. Self-motivation and perseverance are also important qualities.

Income

In 2002, editors earned a median annual salary of $41,170. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $24,010, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $76,620.

Training and Education

Editing positions usually require a college degree, typically in communications, journalism, or English, although some employers prefer a broad liberal arts background. For specialized fields, such as fashion, business, or legal editing, applicants should have specific knowledge of the subject. Valuable experience can be gained at high school and college newspapers, literary magazines, community newspapers, and radio and television stations. Internships at magazines, newspapers, and broadcast stations can also be very advantageous. Interns usually write short pieces, conduct research and interviews, and learn about the business.

Editors just starting out in small firms may begin editing material immediately. However, these small organizations can be limited in opportunities for advancement, and they may not have the resources to hire editors full-time. Larger firms usually have a more formal structure. Newly hired employees have designated responsibilities, including researching, fact checking, or copy editing. Promotion to full-scale assignments and more important material sometimes comes slowly.

Employment

In 2002, editors held about 130,000 jobs. More than half worked in the various sectors of the information industry.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of editors is expected to increase about as fast as the average due to the increasing demand for these employees from newspapers, periodicals, book publishers, and nonprofit organizations. Opportunities will be best for those with training in a specialized field.

For more information on a career as a editor, please see our directory of offering Media Training

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/media_careers/editor

Desktop Publisher

Job Duties

Desktop publishers create electronic page layouts using computer software that combines text, numerical data, photographs, charts, and other components to produce material that is ready to be published. Their specific tasks depend on the type of project, and may include writing and editing text, digitally converting photographs, manipulating digital images, creating proposals, developing advertising campaigns, designing accompanying graphics, creating presentations, and performing color separation. Desktop publishers produce many different types of materials, including books, business cards, calendars, magazines, newsletters, and newspapers.

Desktop publishers use computers to alter the layout of material, and are able to create an entire product on screen that looks exactly like it will when it is published. Personal computers have revolutionized the field of desktop publishing, enabling desktop publishers to complete entire projects themselves, projects which used to require many employees and equipment. Technology in the field is advancing rapidly. Today, desktop publishers receive text and other material on disk or over the Internet from their clients. Digital color page-makeup systems, electronic page-layout systems, and off-press color-proofing systems have also dramatically altered the landscape of the occupation.

Job Skills

Desktop publishers need to be very conscious of detail. They must be able to work independently and have good manual dexterity. Eyesight is also very important, including visual acuity, depth perception, a wide field of view, color vision, and the ability to focus quickly. Artistic ability is essential. Desktop publishers should be flexible and adaptable as they often are required to meet tight deadlines.

Income

In 2002, desktop publishers earned a median annual salary of $31,620. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $18,670, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $52,540. The following shows the median annual salaries in the industries employing the greatest number of desktop publishers:

• Printing and related support activities -- $35,140
• Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers -- $28,050

Training and Education

The most common educational path leading to employment as a desktop publisher is through a certificate program offered by vocational schools, universities, and colleges, or via the Internet. Most programs take about 1 year, but others may have different lengths. Some students may learn their skills through on-the-job training. Students can also earn an associate's degree in applied science or a bachelor's degree in graphic arts, graphic communications, or graphic design. Graphic arts programs teach the fundamentals of desktop publishing software that has the ability to format pages, assign type characteristics, and import text and graphics into electronic page layouts to produce printed materials such as advertisements, brochures, newsletters, and forms. This type of in-depth training is more for students who plan to eventually move into management positions, whereas 2-year programs offer more limited advancement options.

Employment

In 2002, desktop publishers held about 35,000 jobs. More than two thirds worked in the newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishing, and printing and related support activities.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of desktop publishers is expected to increase faster than the average. More page layout and design is being performed in-house using computers and software, creating demand for desktop publishers because this in-house system increases production and lowers costs. Opportunities will be best for those who have experience, or those who have a computer background and have graduated from a postsecondary program in desktop publishing.

For more information on a career as a desktop publisher, please see our directory of offering Media Training

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/media_careers/desktop_publisher

Copywriter

Job Duties

Copywriters are responsible for writing words for advertisements. The advertisements may appear in newspapers, radio, television, magazines, or other types of media. They may write articles in trade journals about products or services within that industry. They may compose publicity releases, promotional or informational booklets, sales promotion materials. They sometimes work as part of a team on a merchandising campaign. Sometimes they are assigned editorial duties, rewriting and editing work completed by other writers. Copywriters are often assigned to many different types of accounts, requiring them to adapt to the necessary tone and medium of each account.

Copywriters who work for ad agencies may have a broad range of duties that go beyond writing. They may be responsible for writing annual reports, sales brochures, point-of-purchase materials, instruction manuals, and press releases. In broadcasting stations, copywriters may be required to create station announcements or other advertising material. In small firms, copywriters may direct other employees in helping them complete their duties. In these smaller operations, copywriters need to possess a comprehensive understanding of the agency.

Job Skills

Copywriters need to have knowledge of writing, art and layout, and the business of buying and selling advertising space. They also must have knowledge of typography. They should be creative, curious, and have knowledge in a wide array of subjects. They must have a passion for writing, and be able to express themselves clearly, concisely, and creatively. Self-motivation and perseverance are also important qualities.

Income

Copywriters average about $40,000 per year. Depending on their position in the agency, they can earn from $27,000 per year as an assistant copywriter, to over $200,000 per year as a creative director. Copywriters often work overtime, and profit-sharing plans have become very popular in advertising firms.

Training and Education

Candidates for copywriting positions usually need to have a college degree. Liberal arts combined with business studies can provide a solid educational foundation. Colleges that offer degrees in communications may have courses specifically in copywriting. Courses in creative writing and knowledge of word processing equipment are important, if not essential. Students should gain actual writing experience beyond school work. Writing for school and community newspapers, or writing news releases or advertisements for school or community projects are both excellent ways to gain experience writing. Academic assignments such as essays can also demonstrate writing proficiency.

Employers prefer to hire applicants who have experience in copywriting, especially experience in their advertising specialty. Advertising agencies often hire applicants who have at least three to five years of experience, and sometimes may hire only applicants with knowledge in such specific fields of advertising as automobiles or confectionary. Most retail stores hire copywriters who have had experience writing company for retail merchandise.

Employment

In 2002, writers, including copywriters, held about 139,000 jobs. More than half worked in the various sectors of the information industry.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of copywriters is expected to increase about as fast as the average due to the increasing demand for these employees from advertising agencies. Competition is extremely high in this occupation, and opportunities will be best for those with training in a specialized field of advertising.

For more information on a career as a copywriter, please see our directory of offering Media Training

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/media_careers/copywriter

Broadcast Technician

Job Duties

Broadcast technicians operate, maintain, and configure broadcasting equipment that selects and controls the source of material to be broadcast. They also operate equipment that regulates the signal strength, clarity, and range of sounds and colors or radio or television broadcasts. They often are responsible for switching broadcasting signals from camera to camera, from live programming to taped sections, and from network to local programming.

Broadcast technician jobs have been greatly altered by the transition to digital recording, editing, and broadcasting. Electronic equipment has largely been replaced by desktop software, and video and audio tapes have been replaced by computer hard drives and other types of data storage. Computer networks coupled with specialized equipment have become the standard for broadcasting. As a result, broadcast technicians have been forced to adapt and learn software and computer networking skills.

Job Skills

Broadcast technicians need to have skill working with electrical, electronic, and mechanical systems and equipment. It is also important for them to have good manual dexterity.

Income

In 2002, broadcast technicians earned a median annual salary of $27,760. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $14,600, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $65,970.

Training and Education

The Federal Communications Commission used to require the licensing of all broadcast technicians, but the Telecommunications Act of 1996 removed this requirement. However, broadcast technicians can still voluntarily become certified by the Society of Broadcast Engineers. This certification sets them apart from the competition and shows a high level of competence and experience. In order to become certified, technicians must demonstrate experience and pass an examination.

The most effective way to train for a career as a broadcast technician is to enroll in a technical school community college, or university program in electronics, computer networking, or broadcast technology. New employees usually learn on the job from more experienced technicians and supervisors. Some begin their careers working in smaller, local stations and, after gaining valuable experience, move on to larger stations and networks. Quite a few employers offer programs in which they will pay the tuition and expenses for courses and seminars that improve the skills of their employees and help keep them updated on the latest developments in the field.

Employment

In 2002, broadcast technicians held about 5,000 jobs. Television jobs are usually located in cities, but radio jobs can be found even in small towns. New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. offer the highest-paying jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of broadcast technicians is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Advancements in technology will increase the abilities of technicians to produce higher quality radio and television programming. Job growth will be limited by the consolidation in ownership of television and radio stations. In the cable and pay television sector of the industry, employment growth will be higher.

For more information on a career as an broadcast technician, please see our directory of Broadcasting Schools

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/media_careers/broadcast_technician

Audio And Video Equipment Technician

Job Duties

Audio and video equipment technicians operate audio and video equipment such as microphones, sound speakers, video screens, projectors, video monitors, recording equipment. They connect wires and cables, sound and mixing boards, and related electronic equipment. They may work at concerts, sporting events, meetings and conventions, presentations, and news conferences. They may work with custom lighting systems such as associated spotlights.

Audio and video equipment technician jobs have been greatly altered by the transition to digital recording, editing, and broadcasting. Electronic equipment has largely been replaced by desktop software, and video and audio tapes have been replaced by computer hard drives and other types of data storage. Computer networks coupled with specialized equipment have become the standard for broadcasting. As a result, audio and video equipment technicians have been forced to adapt and learn software and computer networking skills.

Job Skills

Audio and video equipment technicians need to have skill working with electrical, electronic, and mechanical systems and equipment. It is also important for them to have good manual dexterity.

Income

In 2002, audio and video equipment technicians earned a median annual salary of $31,110. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $17,710, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $61,420.

Training and Education

The minimum requirement for audio and video equipment technician jobs is a high school diploma. More and more applicants have degrees from community colleges or other postsecondary institutions, even though they may not be required by employers. Some candidates may be able to replace formal education requirements with on-the-job training. Valuable experience can be gained by working in a studio as an assistant.

The most effective way to train for a career as an audio and video equipment technician is to enroll in a technical school community college, or university program in electronics, computer networking, or broadcast technology. New employees usually learn on the job from more experienced technicians and supervisors. Some begin their careers working in smaller, local stations and, after gaining valuable experience, move on to larger stations and networks. Quite a few employers offer programs in which they will pay the tuition and expenses for courses and seminars that improve the skills of their employees and help keep them updated on the latest developments in the field.

Employment

In 2002, audio and video equipment technicians held about 42,000 jobs. New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. offer the highest-paying jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of audio and video equipment technicians is expected to increase faster than the average. Advancements in technology will increase the abilities of technicians to produce higher quality radio and television programming. Job growth will be limited by the consolidation in ownership of television and radio stations. In the cable and pay television sector of the industry, employment growth will be higher.

For more information on a career as an audio and video equipment technician, please see our directory of schools offering Video Production Training

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/media_careers/audio_and_video_equipment_technician

Announcer

Job Duties

Announcers work in radio and television and are responsible for a number of different duties both on and off the air. They may announce programming information, public service information, or they may introduce or close programs. They present news, sports, weather, time, and commercials either from a written script or ad-lib. They may complete the research and writing for a script they will eventually read on the air. They interview guests and moderate panels and discussions. Sometimes they may make promotional appearances for the radio or television company they are employed by.

Announcers working in radio are often referred to as disc jockeys (DJs). Although most disc jockeys do not select the music they play on the air, most specialize in one type of music. DJs comment on the weather, traffic, and music of the station and may take on-air requests from listeners. Announcers in television are often called newscasters or anchors. They work at large stations in an area of specialization such as sports, news, or weather. Television show hosts prepare programs on topics such as politics, health, or personal finance, interview guests, listeners, or the studio audience. Public address announcers work at sporting, performing arts, and other types of public events, announcing information to the audience.

Job Skills

In order to succeed as an announcer, individuals must have a good voice, meaning excellent control, timing, pronunciation, and grammar. In television, announcers need to have a neat, well-groomed, and attractive appearance. Strong knowledge in the subject matter to be announced can be hugely advantageous. Announcers should have well-developed writing skills and be computer literate. They need to have the ability to ad-lib part or all of a broadcast and to work under strict deadlines.

Income

In 2002, announcers earned a median hourly wage of $9.91. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $6.14, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $24.92. Earnings in television were higher than in radio, and earnings in commercial were higher than in public broadcasting.

Training and Education

Broadcasting is a highly competitive field to enter, and formal training from a college or technical school can immensely help aspiring announcers secure employment. A majority of announcers hold a bachelor's degree in communications, broadcasting, or journalism. Employers place enormous weight on candidates' taped auditions that demonstrate their delivery and , in television, their appearance and style. In television, entry-level employees start out as production assistants, researchers, or reporters and may work their way into an on-air position if they show their ability. In radio, new employees begin by taping interviews and operating equipment.

Aspiring announcers should take high school and college courses in English, public speaking, drama, foreign languages, and computer science. Hobbies like sports or music can be a plus as well. Students can gain experience at college radio or TV stations, or through internships at local public or commercial stations. Internships are a great way for students to make contacts in the industry. Students wishing to enroll in a broadcasting program should contact radio and television stations to find out which programs they recommend.

Employment

In 2002, announcers held about 76,000 jobs. More than 50% were employed in the broadcasting industry, although some were freelancers who contract with networks and stations. A third of all announcers work part time.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of announcers is expected to decline as a result of the lack of growth in the radio and television industries. Also, consolidation of radio and television stations will increase syndicated programming, which will also add to the decline in employment of announcers. Competition will be high for announcer positions, and opportunity will be best for those who are knowledgeable in business, consumer, and health news, and who have completed internships.

For more information on a career as an announcer, please see our directory of schools offering Media Training

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/media_careers/announcer

Tuneup Technician

Job Duties

Tuneup technicians specialize in the adjustment or replacement of spark plugs and related parts, as well as ignitions valves and timing. They test systems using electronic testing devices, and also base their diagnosis on the information they receive from customers about the nature of the vehicle's malfunction. After isolating the specific problem, they determine the type of work that needs to be done. This may involve removing and testing sparkplugs, cleaning electrodes, setting spark gaps, and replacing sparkplugs. In addition, they may adjust carburetors, set valve tappets, check batteries, and adjust tension on fan belts. After completing the necessary repairs or replacements, they usually test-drive the vehicle to ensure it is in working order.

Job Skills

Tuneup technicians need to have good analytical skills, as well as strong interpersonal communication skills. Because they are constantly required to keep up with new technology and learn new techniques, they should have well-developed reading, mathematics, and computer skills. They need to have an overall understanding of how vehicles operate, as well as an aptitude for mechanical work. Due to the fast-paced increase in automotive technology, it has become highly advantageous for these workers to obtain proficiency with sophisticated computer and electronic equipment. Experience working on vehicle as a hobby, or in the Armed Forces, can be advantageous.

Income

In 2002, tuneup technicians earned a median hourly wage of $14.71. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $8.14, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $25.21. The following shows the median annual salaries for the industries employing the highest numbers of tuneup technicians:

• Local government $18.04
• Automobile dealers 17.66
• Gasoline stations 13.04
• Automotive repair and maintenance 12.77
• Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 12.60

Training and Education

Tuneup technicians learn their trade through a wide variety of routes involving education, training, and certification. While a small number will learn only from assisting other experienced workers, it is highly recommended to complete some type of high school or post-secondary vocational school program. As technology becomes more complex, formal training becomes more important. The quality of high school programs can vary, but some programs, such as the Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES) offer students a basic technician certificate that they receive along with their high school diploma. After high school, there are many options. Trade and technical schools offer programs lasting from 6 months to a year, while community colleges provide more extensive programs that last as long as 2 years and supplement the automotive curriculum with English, mathematics, computers and other electives.

Some even add classes in customer service and stress management to help their graduates become more employable. Some automobile manufacturers offer 2-year certifications as well. For most employees, it will take between 2 and 5 years of on-the-job experience to become a fully proficient journey-level service technician. Tuneup technicians can voluntarily become certified through the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) by having at least two years of experience and passing a written exam. You can check out a list of Auto Mechanic Schools by clicking on this link.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of tuneup technicians is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Job demand will be created by general population increases, growth of the labor force, and rises in personal income enabling multiple car ownership. However, this demand will be somewhat offset by increases in technology making cars and trucks more reliable and durable. Job opportunities should be very good for people with formal education and training, especially in more advanced technology.

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/mechanic_careers/tuneup_technician

Transmission Technician

Transmission technicians specialize in the maintenance and repair of automotive vehicle transmissions. The work with some of the most advanced technology in the auto service industry, focusing on gear trains, couplings, hydraulic pumps, and other transmission components. They diagnose vehicle problems using a wide variety of computer systems, as well as the customer's description of the trouble. They isolate and eliminate the systems that could not logically be the cause of the problem. Then, after completing the necessary repairs or replacements, they usually test-drive the vehicle to ensure it is in working order.

Job Skills

Transmission technicians need to have good analytical skills, as well as strong interpersonal communication skills. Because they are constantly required to keep up with new technology and learn new techniques, they should have well-developed reading, mathematics, and computer skills. They need to have an overall understanding of how vehicles operate, as well as an aptitude for mechanical work. Due to the fast-paced increase in automotive technology, it has become highly advantageous for these workers to obtain proficiency with sophisticated computer and electronic equipment.

Income

In 2002, transmission technicians earned a median hourly wage of $14.71. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $8.14, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $25.21. The following shows the median annual salaries for the industries employing the highest numbers of transmission technicians:

• Local government - $18.04
• Automobile dealers - 17.66
• Gasoline stations - 13.04
• Automotive repair and maintenance - 12.77
• Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores - 12.60

Training and Education

Transmission technicians learn their trade through a wide variety of routes involving education, training, and certification. While a small number will learn only from assisting other experienced workers, it is highly recommended to complete some type of high school or post-secondary vocational school program. As technology becomes more complex, formal training becomes more important. The quality of high school programs can vary, but some programs, such as the Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES) offer students a basic technician certificate that they receive along with their high school diploma. After high school, there are many options. Trade and technical schools offer programs lasting from 6 months to a year, while community colleges provide more extensive programs that last as long as 2 years and supplement the automotive curriculum with English, mathematics, computers and other electives. Some even add classes in customer service and stress management to help their graduates become more employable.

Some automobile manufacturers offer 2-year certifications as well. For most employees, it will take between 2 and 5 years of on-the-job experience to become a fully proficient journey-level service technician. For transmission technicians, it usually takes an extra 1 or 2 years of experience, due to the high level of technology involved. Transmission technicians can voluntarily become certified through the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) by having at least two years of experience and passing a written exam. You can check out a list of Auto Mechanic Schools by clicking on this link.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of transmission technicians is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Job demand will be created by general population increases, growth of the labor force, and rises in personal income enabling multiple car ownership. However, this demand will be somewhat offset by increases in technology making cars and trucks more reliable and durable. Job opportunities should be very good for people with formal education and training, especially in more advanced technology.

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/mechanic_careers/transmission_technician

Railcar Repair Tech

Railcar repairers service, maintain and repair a range of equipment, from railroad locomotives and related rolling vehicles, to streetcars, subway cars, and mine cars. They usually work for railroads, public and private transit companies, and railcar manufacturers. They perform routine maintenance on engines, as well as fuel, brake, and transmission systems to maximize performance and ensure safety. They often work with hydraulic systems, repairing fluid leaks and occasionally replacing components. They also diagnose electrical problems, disassemble and repair undercarriages and track assemblies, and sometimes weld frames and structural parts.

Job Skills

Employers usually look for candidates who are at least 18 years of age, in good physical condition, and who have an aptitude for mechanical work and problem-solving. Technicians need to be flexible, because they are constantly required to adapt to new technologies and to the needs of customers. They must also have the ability to read and interpret various types of complex service manuals.

Income

In 2002, railcar repairers earned a median hourly wage of $18.78. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $12.07, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $23.76. In the rail transportation industry, which employs the most railcar repairers, the median hourly wage was $19.72.

Training and Education

Although many people become railcar repairers by completing on-the-job training, it is highly recommended that candidates obtain some kind of formal education because that is what employers prefer. Community colleges, trade schools, and vocational schools all offer formal training programs from 6-month certifications to 2-year associate degrees. Some tailor their programs to railcar repair. These types of programs provide graduates with knowledge of the latest technologies and the ability to interpret complex technical manuals.

Often, experienced employees will be sent by their employers to special training classes organized by manufacturers and vendors. In these classes, workers are given the chance to update their skills and familiarize themselves with the latest technology and repair techniques. You can check out a list of Diesel Mechanic Schools by clicking on this link.

Employment

In 2002, railcar repairers held about 15,000 jobs. They represent the smallest section of the 176,000 jobs in the heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics category.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of railcar repairers is expected to increase more slowly than the average. However, employers have reported difficulty locating and hiring employees with a formal education. This is because many young people with the relevant training opt for jobs that offer more openings and areas in which to work, such as automotive service technicians, diesel service technicians, or industrial machinery repairers. As a result, for those seeking jobs as railcar repairers, and who have formal education in this field, opportunity will be very good.

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/mechanic_careers/railcar_repair_tech

Motorcycle Mechanic Careers

Motorcycle mechanics repair and overhaul motorcycles, motor scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes and all-terrain vehicles. At the moment most smaller motorcycles do not have very complex engine management systems, so this job has remained in the realms of mechanical engineering, but as the larger motorcycles use more electronic management systems, so their servicing has become more specialized.

Many mechanics specialize in the repair and overhaul of one or of a few types of equipment and closely related products. Most mechanics work for dealers who only service the product they sell. Mechanics work on all the systems of a vehicle, including transmissions, brakes, and ignition systems, and make body repairs as well as working on engines.

Because of the increasing complexity of the motorcycles, most employers will only hire mechanics who have successfully completed a formal training program. These are often combined classroom and on the job training, the classroom training being given in motorcycle mechanics schools. Even for experienced mechanics, continuous education is often advisable, as manufacturers bring out new products. Manufacturers will often run two or three day courses to keep mechanics informed about maintenance for new products.

Earnings are around $25,100 in 2000, according to the US Department of Labor. However the highest 10% earned more than $41,000.

Directory of Motorcycle Mechanic Schools

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/mechanic_careers/motorcycle_mechanic_careers

Marine Mechanic

Job Duties

Marine mechanics, also referred to as motorboat mechanics or marine equipment mechanics, are responsible for the repair and maintenance both inboard and outboard boat engines. When working with these engines, they repair and adjust the electrical and mechanical equipment in order to ensure it runs smoothly. Smaller boats usually have outboard engines that are portable, enabling customers to remove them and bring them into the repair shop. Larger boats, such as cruisers and fishing vessels, have inboard, diesel- or gasoline-powered engines. These engines are usually worked on at the marina or dock where the boat is stationed, although they are sometimes removed for major repairs and overhauls. Marine mechanics also repair other boat equipment, such as propellers, steering mechanisms, marine plumbing, and other boat equipment.

Job Skills

Marine mechanics should have a strong mechanical aptitude. They should be in good physical shape and be able to work in tight, enclosed spaces. They need to have the ability to communicate well with customers because they often make on-site calls. They need to have excellent manual dexterity and a high degree of patience and persistence.

Income

In 2002, marine mechanics earned a median hourly wage of $13.97. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $8.89, to the highest 10%, who earned more than $21.20. The industry employing the largest numbers of marine mechanics - motor vehicle dealers - had a median hourly wage of $13.00.

Training and Education

Most employers of marine mechanics prefer to hire candidates who have graduated from some type of formal training program. However, most mechanics learn their skills on the job because the number of formal programs is limited. Trainee jobs are usually filled by individuals who have an interest in mechanics and knowledge of small engines. Trainees learn from more experienced mechanics and gradually progress to more challenging responsibilities. Trainees may spend up to 3 years as an apprentice before they fully develop their skills in all areas of marine engine repair.

Many employers send mechanics to specialized courses in motorboat repair. These courses may last 2 weeks and upgrade the mechanic's skills based on new models of engines. Most mechanics have a high school diploma because the job requires basic reading, writing, and math skills. Mechanics who show leadership potential may be promoted to shop supervisor or service manager jobs. Click here to see a list of Marine Mechanic Schools and to contact their admissions departments for more information.

Employment

In 2002, marine mechanics held about 22,000 jobs.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, employment of marine mechanics is expected to increase about as fast as the average. This will partly due to the high number of workers expected to retire or transfer to other occupations. It will also be partly due to the growing number of people entering the 40-and-older age group. This is the segment of the population that buys the most water vehicles because of their larger amounts of disposable income. This will expand the market for motorboats, resulting in an increase in the demand for marine mechanics. Job opportunities will be best for those who have completed formal training programs.

http://www.education-online-search.com/articles/careers/mechanic_careers/marine_mechanic

How To Be An Auto Mechanic

The job of the auto mechanic has changed dramatically during the last twenty years, from the relatively straight forward mechanical engineering of the majority of the twentieth century to today’s high technology integrated electronic systems and computerized system management.

This increasing sophistication means that the industry requires well qualified and trained mechanics with good diagnostic and problem-solving skills. Auto mechanics have to be able to use computerized diagnostic and maintenance equipment, and understand the principles of much of the control systems now used in modern cars. They also need the more traditional skills of mechanical engineering. In fact this job is changing so much that workers are often called “automotive service technicians”, indicating the different skills needed.

Increasingly automotive mechanics take a full-time training course before entering the industry, giving them the basic knowledge of systems that they need for this job. They are then able to understand the new systems, what they do and how they work. Courses often include computing, basic mathematics, English and communication skills, and are offered over two years leading to an associate degree.

According to the US Department of Labor, annual earnings are in the region of $28,500, with the best paid mechanics earning as much as $50,000. Job prospects are good over the next ten years, with no lessening of the use of the motor car for transport, and older mechanics retiring at a fast rate. Training is the key to good prospects in this changing profession, so gaining a qualification at the beginning of a career will make sure that entrants are well-positioned for a successful career.

Directory of Auto Mechanic Schools

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Heavy Equipment Mechanic

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics maintain and repair construction and surface mining equipment, such as bulldozers, cranes, crawlers, draglines, graders, and excavators. They are usually employed by equipment wholesale distribution and leasing firms, large construction and mining companies, local and Federal governments, and other organizations that own heavy machinery and equipment fleets. Those employed by the Federal Government may work on tanks and other armored equipment. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics perform routine maintenance on engines, as well as fuel, brake, and transmission systems to maximize performance and ensure safety. They often work with hydraulic systems, repairing fluid leaks and occasionally replacing components. They also diagnose electrical problems, disassemble and repair undercarriages and track assemblies, and sometimes weld frames and structural parts.

Job Skills

Employers usually look for candidates who are at least 18 years of age, in good physical condition, and who have an aptitude for mechanical work and problem-solving. Technicians need to be flexible, because they are constantly required to adapt to new technologies and to the needs of customers. They must also have the ability to read and interpret various types of complex service manuals.

Income

In 2002, mobile heavy equipment mechanics earned a median hourly wage of $17.29. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $11.54, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $24.90. The following shows the median annual salaries for the industries employing the highest numbers of mobile heavy equipment mechanics:

• Federal government - $19.44
• Local government - 18.03
• Other specialty trade contractors - 17.72
• Machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers - 17.10
• Commercial/industrial machinery rental and leasing - 15.81

Training and Education

Although many people become mobile heavy equipment mechanics by completing on-the-job training, it is highly recommended that candidates obtain some kind of formal education because that is what employers prefer. Community colleges, trade schools, and vocational schools all offer formal training programs from 6-month certifications to 2-year associate degrees. Some tailor their programs to heavy equipment mechanics. These types of programs provide graduates with knowledge of the latest technologies and the ability to interpret complex technical manuals. Often, experienced employees will be sent by their employers to special training classes organized by manufacturers and vendors. In these classes, workers are given the chance to update their skills and familiarize themselves with the latest technology and repair techniques. You can check out a list of Diesel Mechanic Schools by clicking on this link.

Employment

In 2002, mobile heavy equipment mechanics held about 126,000 jobs. A third were employed by machinery, equipment, and supplies merchant wholesalers. 12% were employed by Federal, State, and local governments, and another 12% were employed by construction companies. Small numbers worked in agriculture, mining, rail transportation, and lawn and garden stores. Less than 5% were self-employed.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of mobile heavy equipment mechanics is expected to increase more slowly than the average. However, employers have reported difficulty locating and hiring employees with a formal education. This is because many young people with the relevant training opt for jobs that offer more openings and areas in which to work, such as automotive service technicians, diesel service technicians, or industrial machinery repairers. As a result, for those seeking jobs as mobile heavy equipment mechanics, and who have formal education in this field, opportunity will be very good.

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Front End Mechanic

Front-end mechanics specialize in the alignment and balancing of wheels, and in the maintenance and repair of steering and suspension systems. They often use specialized equipment to achieve wheel alignment and balance. They test systems using electronic testing devices, and also base their diagnosis on the information they receive from customers about the nature of the vehicle's malfunction. After isolating the specific problem, they determine the type of work that needs to be done. After completing the necessary repairs or replacements, they usually test-drive the vehicle to ensure it is in working order.

Job Skills

Front-end mechanics need to have good analytical skills, as well as strong interpersonal communication skills. Because they are constantly required to keep up with new technology and learn new techniques, they should have well-developed reading, mathematics, and computer skills. They need to have an overall understanding of how vehicles operate, as well as an aptitude for mechanical work. Due to the fast-paced increase in automotive technology, it has become highly advantageous for these workers to obtain proficiency with sophisticated computer and electronic equipment. Experience working on vehicle as a hobby, or in the Armed Forces, can be advantageous.

Income

In 2002, front-end mechanics earned a median hourly wage of $14.71. Earnings ranged from the lowest 10%, who earned less than $8.14, and the highest 10%, who earned more than $25.21. The following shows the median annual salaries for the industries employing the highest numbers of front-end mechanics:

• Local government $18.04
• Automobile dealers 17.66
• Gasoline stations 13.04
• Automotive repair and maintenance 12.77
• Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores 12.60

Training and Education

Front-end mechanics learn their trade through a wide variety of routes involving education, training, and certification. While a small number will learn only from assisting other experienced workers, it is highly recommended to complete some type of high school or post-secondary vocational school program. As technology becomes more complex, formal training becomes more important. The quality of high school programs can vary, but some programs, such as the Automotive Youth Education Service (AYES) offer students a basic technician certificate that they receive along with their high school diploma. After high school, there are many options. Trade and technical schools offer programs lasting from 6 months to a year, while community colleges provide more extensive programs that last as long as 2 years and supplement the automotive curriculum with English, mathematics, computers and other electives.

Some even add classes in customer service and stress management to help their graduates become more employable. Some automobile manufacturers offer 2-year certifications as well. For most employees, it will take between 2 and 5 years of on-the-job experience to become a fully proficient journey-level service technician. Front-end mechanics can voluntarily become certified through the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) by having at least two years of experience and passing a written exam. You can check out a list of Auto Mechanic Schools by clicking on this link.

Job Outlook

Between 2002 and 2012, the number of front-end mechanics is expected to increase about as fast as the average. Job demand will be created by general population increases, growth of the labor force, and rises in personal income enabling multiple car ownership. However, this demand will be somewhat offset by increases in technology making cars and trucks more reliable and durable. Job opportunities should be very good for people with formal education and training, especially in more advanced technology.

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